Age-related digestive alterations and their impact on nutrients digestibility
- Autores: Ever Hernández Olivas
- Directores de la Tesis: Ana Belén Heredia Gutiérrez (dir. tes.), Ana María Andrés Grau (dir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universitat Politècnica de València ( España ) en 2021
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Isidra Recio (presid.), Isabel Hernando Hernando (secret.), Juana Fernández López (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia, Tecnología y Gestión Alimentaria por la Universitat Politècnica de València
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Tesis en acceso abierto en: RiuNet
- Resumen
Population aging is a phenomenon unparalleled in human history. It is expected that people over 65 years, or the elderly, will double the child population for the first time by 2050. Turning 65 implies a series of physiological changes that include, among others, a loss of functionality of the organs involved in the digestive process. In this sense, the study of the digestibility of nutrients, mainly proteins, and the bioaccessibility of certain vitamins and minerals of interest for the health of the senior population, are of special interest. Only on the basis of scientific evidence will it be useful to establish nutritional recommendations at the clinical level, and to design functional foods oriented to the specific needs of this population group. Among the nutrients most affected by the common digestive disorders of the elderly, proteins represent the most important challenge. It is known that oral, gastric and intestinal disorders affect their digestion and absorption, contributing to the decline of general health status, resulting in a loss of muscle mass, increase and change of lipid mass distribution, weaker bones and joints, some metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, among other psychological and social changes.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis has been to assess the impact of the different alterations appearing with age at oral, gastric and intestinal level on the digestibility of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as on the bioaccessibility of micronutrients of interest, in protein-rich foods whose consumption is recommended for people over 65 years of age, and which differ from each other in the origin of this macronutrient (fish, dairy products, eggs, meat, legumes and cereals). To achieve this objective, in vitro static digestion models were used to simulate, under controlled laboratory conditions, the digestive process of different population groups and to sample in a non-invasive way.
The most relevant results of this doctoral thesis are presented in five chapters, addressing in each food group, the digestive response derived both from physiological alterations in the senior population, as well as from certain factors inherent to the food.
Regarding the digestive alterations associated with age, it is possible to affirm that pancreatic and biliary insufficiencies were the main responsible for the significant reduction in the proteolysis extent in almost all the studied foods. The results indicate a higher protein digestibility in lean fish, hard-boiled and poached eggs, cheeses, chicken and beef meats, as well as legumes in general. Fat digestibility, on the other hand, was not compromised. Moreover, cheeses, sardines, as well as some legume and cereal grains would contribute to a greater supply of bioaccessible calcium than other food matrices. For fat-soluble vitamins, the intake of salmon and cheeses resulted as excellent sources of both vitamin A and D3 in their bioabsorbable form, while the bioaccessibility of both vitamins in eggs depended on the cooking method. In addition, pork provided the greatest antihypertensive effect, while turkey meat exerted the greatest effect as antioxidant. Finally, the essential/non-essential amino acid ratio increased under altered conditions at the end of digestion, compared to standard healthy adult conditions. Thus, even with impaired protein digestibility, digests will have an effect against sarcopenia.
