Kontsumitzaile batek enpresari baten praktika ez-zilegi bat pairatzen duenean, eta kaltetua denean, maiz, ez ditu haren eskubideak egikarituko, batez ere, erreklamatzen duen munta txikia denean. Bada, kostu judizialek lor dezakeen zenbatekoa gainditu dezaketelako. Nolanahi, enpresa horrek kalte masibo bat eragin dezake, edo eragin du jada, kaltetu talde handi bat sortuz bere jarduera arau-hauslearekin.
Supostu hau ekiditeko edo konpontzeko, espainiar estatuak bere ordenamendu juridikoan kontsumitzaileen babes kolektiborako ordezkaritza-akzioak arautzen dabil, batetik, praktika kaltegarriak eteteko eta etorkizunean ez errepikatzeko (etete-akzioak), eta bestetik, haien aplikazioz sortutako kalteak erreparatzeko (ordainketa-akzioak).
When a consumer suffers an unlawful practice carried out by a trader, and it gets harmed, often, it will not exercise its rights, specially, when the quantity claimed is small. This is due to the high judicial costs, which could exceed the quantum the consumer might gain. Nevertheless, this trader could produce, or has already produced, a massive harm with its unlawful practice, which implies a large number of harmed people. In order to avoid or repair this case, the Spanish state is regulating, in its legal system, representative actions to protect consumers collectively, on the one hand, by prohibiting harmful practices and banning their repetition (injunctive measures), and on the other hand, by redressing the harmed ones (redress measures).
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