The constitution of 1831 gave several liberties to the freshly born Belgian state. Most of those liberties were considered as a reaction against the Dutch regime of the past fifteen years. The mistakes of this regime were embodied by its head of the justice department, Cornelis Felix Van Maanen. Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of education, and freedom of association had to wipe out the traces the Dutch regime. Of course, due to the many changes and evolutions in nineteenth-century Belgian society, several aspects of these constitutional liberties were criticized or were said to be in need of a new approach. The changes and evolutions in nineteenth-century Belgian society often led to questioning the position of those liberties. In those discussions, whether on a political, judiciary or academic level, the fifteen years of the Duthc regime were almost always mentioned. The memory of the United Kingdom and Van Maanen did not only function as a warning, but was a main theme of unification in the nationalist discourse, legitimating the existance of the Belgian nation itself.
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