Resumen de Lactate-releasing PLA scaffolds for brain regeneration
Zaida Álvarez Pinto
Stroke and traumatic brain injuries are common causes of disability, with loss of nerve tissue due to secondary degeneration, gliosis, and often the formation of cavities that inhibit neural cell growth. Recent attempts at neural cell regeneration have therefore focused on the use of engineering materials that mimic the adult neural stem cell (NSC) niche, in order to establish an adequate environment for neurogenesis and differentiation. However, because the adult mammalian NSC niche has limited regenerative capacities, effective regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the reconstitution of its embryonic counterpart. Radial glia are bipolar cells with 1-2 µm-thick shafts that form a palisade and span the entire CNS parenchyma serving as substrates for neuronal migration. They contain high levels of glycogen and release L-lactate. Cerebral energy metabolism is a highly compartmentalized and complex process. The adult brain normally uses glucose as its primary energy source. However, before and immediately after birth, lactate is also an important energy source because at this time the level of glucose is low. Over the past decade, a role for lactate in fuelling the energetic requirements of neurons has emerged, not only during the perinatal period but also in adulthood. Initial evidence suggests that the metabolisms of NSC, neurons and astrocytes differ and that energy-dependent processes may influence the balance between NSC self-renewal and differentiation. The main goal of this thesis was to design an implantable biomaterial scaffold that reproduces the organization and supportive function of embryonic radial glia. Here we tested two types of poly L/DL lactic acid (PLA95/5 and PLA70/30), a biodegradable material permissive for neural cell adhesion and growth, as materials for nerve regeneration. PLA95/5 films were highly crystalline, stiff (GPa), and did not degrade significantly in the period analyzed in culture. In contrast, PLA70/30 films were more amorphous, softer (MPa) and degraded faster, releasing significant amounts of lactate into the medium. PLA70/30 performed better than PLA95/5 for primary cortical neural cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, maintaining the pools of neuronal and glial progenitor cells in vitro. Finally, for in vivo studies, we designed 3D cell-free biomimetic scaffolds consisting of electrospun PLA70/30 nanofibers. Radially aligned scaffolds released L-lactate and reproduced the 3D organization and supportive function of radial glia. These scaffolds implanted into cavities made in mouse brain fostered complete implant vascularization, sustained neurogenesis, and allowed the long-term survival and integration of the newly generated neurons. Our results suggest that PLA70/30 scaffolds mimic some of the physical and biochemical characteristics of the NSC niche. Overall, our results show that the endogenous CNS is capable of regeneration through the in vivo dedifferentiation induced by biophysical and metabolic cues, with no need for exogenous cells, growth factors, or genetic manipulation.
