El comercio internacional de servicios en Brasil: una visión sobre la liberalización en el GATS y sus implicaciones
- Autores: Genilson Valotto Patuzzo
- Directores de la Tesis: Miguel Ángel Díaz Mier (dir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Alcalá ( España ) en 2010
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Eduardo Cuenca García (presid.), María Montserrat Hinarejos Rojo (secret.), María Inés Maesso Corral (voc.), Carmen Cedra Jodra (voc.), Encarnación Moral Pajares (voc.)
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Resumen
- español
La expansión de las actividades de servicios constituye uno de los más importantes cambios acaecidos en el devenir humano en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La evolución seguida en las últimas décadas por las economías más desarrolladas ha puesto de manifiesto que los servicios se han convertido en la forma dominante de actividad económica de los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. Un multiplicado número de actividades, que responde genéricamente al nombre de servicios, tiende a concentrar la mayor parte de la ocupación y el valor de la producción en las economías desarrolladas. Así, con la entrada de Brasil en el GATS, la investigación contribuyo al mejor entendimiento y conocimiento del comercio internacional de servicios en Brasil, analizándolo en profundidad desde una perspectiva histórica y actual, tratando de identificar los principales factores sobre las implicaciones de una mayor liberalización del sector servicios negociados en el GATS. La presentación del tema elegido presento algunas respuestas a las cuestiones propuestas y principalmente profundizo el estudio de los intercambios internacionales de servicios en Brasil, en virtud de sus malos resultados en la balanza de pagos en este sector. Y principalmente diserta sobre la liberalización de los servicios en el marco del GATS enfocado en el caso de Brasil. Ensalzó sobre las implicaciones para Brasil como la importancia de la liberalización del comercio de servicios para las economías. Trazando el papel del Estado brasileño en dicha liberalización y las barreras impuestas al comercio de servicios que pueden ser llevados a cabo por los Estados. Sin embargo, el foco principal de la tesis fue desarrolla sobre la liberalización de los servicios en el marco del GATS, aludiendo algunas implicaciones que pueden ser buenas y malas para Brasil si no fueren hechas las negociaciones con políticas adecuadas para el país
- English
This thesis aims to characterize and analyze the international trade in services in the area of trade liberalization in the GATS, from the standpoint of bringing the theoretical and empirical analysis concerns about the changes in the composition and development of the services sector the Brazilian economy. Just as some issues about the liberalization of services in the multilateral negotiations undertaken in the GATS hover over their causes (positive or negative) in the Brazilian economy. Today the services sector is no stranger to any developing economy, much less in the developed ones. However, the progress in recent decades in these economies has shown that services have become the dominant form of economic activity. A large number of activities that generally respond to the name of services tend to concentrate most of the occupation (in nearly all countries) and value (in developed countries). This sector quite often in the history of economic thought was treated as a "sector" that did not add any value to the economy, meaning that the "intangibles assets", as the services were called, were considered insignificant compared to goods. In the passing of the twentieth century and the consolidation of modern capitalism, the service sector gained importance and began to be recognized and addressed in the literature in a different way as it was in previous centuries. After World War II the first conceptualizations based on the most relevant characteristics of the sector were made. This is one more step compared to the previous definitions (non-productive, waste, etc.) and has given way to a kind of approach increasingly introspective and deep on the development of the service sector. It is worth noting now that it puts a special emphasis on the study of the economies that address the "service economy." The activities in this sector have a preponderant role in the dynamics of the productive system, directly or indirectly contributing to economic development and softening the structural problems and cycles of the labour market, given the capacity of multiplication of services. In this dynamics, the services sector both now and then has always been essential in trade relations, mainly on international services such as transportation, financial and marketing, as they are necessary for the fluidity of the import /export system. Thus the service sector in the Brazilian economic context suffered major changes during the twentieth century, mainly since the 1970s in which Brazil went from a population concentrated in the primary sector (agriculture) to the tertiary sector (services) after the 1990s. Likewise the composition within the services sector suffered a transformation in segments such as trade (which represented 22.3% of GDP in 1970 and 9.9% in 2000), shifting to segments as for instance the more dynamic financial activities. That inclination, as happened in other countries, also attended the recent developments in the services sector in Brazil, with cuts in services less specialized in creating employment and income, and the expansion of modern services segments, using intensive labour. In terms of expansion of trade in services in the recent period, although in global terms it has not grown as fast as in the case of trade in goods, meanwhile some segments have performed rather dynamic. In the evolution of the Brazilian service sector and its development after the nineties, it starts to take a larger role in international trade in services caused by the growing presence of international capital in the Brazilian market principally sponsored with the "neoliberal" ideas that provide a greater opening of the sector that boosted international trade in services in Brazil; by contrast, the deficit increased significantly in 2008, presenting its largest amount in the history of the balance of payments, and shows the worse figures compared to its trading partners in the MERCOSUR and Latin America. The decade of the nineties was also marked by changes in the field of multilateral negotiations under the auspices of globalization, which reduced the sense of isolation experienced in much of the developing world and brought an increase in the ideas of trade liberalization through bilateral and multilateral agreements. Within MERCOSUR, bilateral agreements are synonymous to the Brazilian effort to accelerate trade liberalization, which expanded the market for Brazilian products in both goods and services. Today, however, Argentina has got a higher degree than Brazil in the opening of negotiations in the field of study (services). Development policies were implemented by developing countries aiming at increasing the barriers to imports, both in multilateral and regional agreements, through restrictions and regulatory adjustments. This move was opposed by international financing institutions as a condition for the funding of the countries. The biggest changes came from the multilateral agreements signed by WTO members as part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, which proposed new disciplines for the use of these instruments of development policies. In the Uruguay Round the first multilateral trade agreement covering trade in services was signed. In the GATS negotiations, the Brazilian government decided to bet for more aggressive positions than any member of the WTO on the issue of the liberalization of services. In its official request of the negotiations, Brazil invested against subsidies for public programs and openly for the elimination of exemptions and public sector monopolies, privatized a great deal of service companies in strategic sectors that were not for the benefit to the State and the people, implemented much less rigid fiscal policies, the State withdrew from productive investments, and decreased wages and benefits of the welfare state. Despite the other parties not applying the liberal ideas raised by the Brazilian government, the policy of liberalization in services negotiated in multilateral agreements (GATS) continued, mainly contributing in part to the interests of developed countries in market opening. This greater supply and Brazilian opening has resulted in the increase of exports and imports of services in Brazil. For instance, exports of services in 2008 grew faster than the exports of goods in the same period. However, Brazilian imports of services grew even faster than exports, following the historical trend in that sense. This inclination has increased in the last decade, and may be even worse depending on the ongoing negotiations to finalize the Doha Round. There is a risk in the event that the proposal of developed countries is successful: establishing new openings may reduce the competitiveness of Brazilian export companies, worsening the country’s trade position and the employment level. Further liberalization would mean the implementation by the Brazilian rulers of the GATS clause on progressive liberalization, without being influenced by the developed countries seeking to expand their market in any way, the perpetuation of a model of barrier negotiations, which does not take into account the needs and threats for the country and could lead to a false start as final result
- español
