Aprovechamiento de residuos agro-industriales: preparación de extractos, caracterización y uso en alimentos
- Autores: Francisco José Segovia Gómez
- Directores de la Tesis: María Pilar Almajano Pablos (dir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) ( España ) en 2015
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Xavier Ramis Juan (presid.), Isidre Casals Ribes (secret.), Javier Raso Pueyo (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería de Procesos Químicos
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Tesis en acceso abierto en: TDX
- Resumen
Vegetables and fruits are foods that have large number of compounds beneficial to health, as well as being essential in the diet. Its components include the phenolic substances. These compounds have a great antiradical activity and can be used to increase the stability of food, since they possess the ability to avoid the lipid peroxidation and can protect even against oxidation caused by metal cations. These cations favor the creation of reactive oxygen species, harmful to health and can participate directly or indirectly in the oxidation of lipids. The food industry produces large amounts of by-products and waste, which can be used for substances with high added value, such as natural antioxidants to replace the synthetic ones. In addition, this type of waste has a significant environmental impact due to high organic load and costs due to handling, transport and storage, among other processes. The present Doctoral thesis has obtained extracts rich in polyphenols, from three agro-industrial waste, natural: leaves of Borage, avocado seed and pericarp of pineapple. The conventional extraction by batch or continuous, has been applied to obtain polyphenols from these wastes. The conventional process has been optimized through the use of response surface methodology and equations of mass transfer: Fick law, theory of film, empirical, Peleg and speed law have been studied to establish a representative mathematical model. The diffusion coefficients were determined with the Fick law equation. Also have been applied new techniques, such as magnetic pulses and extraction assisted by ultrasound, to improve or accelerate the process of extraction, which has provided a 280% increase in the quantity of bioactive components obtained seed from avocado applying extraction assisted with ultrasound and a 520% of the leaves of Borage with extraction using magnetic pulses. In the kinetics of extraction, the studied equations had a adjustment, R2, between 0.99 and a 0.81. The extracts obtained have been evaluated in different models of food: emulsions, mincemeat and cupcakes, to determine if they increase the stability and prevent or retard the oxidation of fats and oils. There has been a decrease in the formation of oxidation products, both primary and secondary : from 80 to 90% (hydroperoxides) in emulsions, up to a 90% in products of secondary oxidation in the minced meat with extracts of Borage and avocado seed; and between 50 and 90% in the muffins with pineapple extract. Therefore it is shown that has been prolonged useful life time and increased stability against oxidation. Conclusion, in the study, was demonstrated that the use of by-products from agroindustry was useful to prepare natural extracts with antioxidants. These wastes represent a cost for industry and can be used to obtain compounds with high added value. Also, They slow down the oxidation of fats in different models of food. The by-products of the production industry of Borage (leaves), avocado (seeds) and pineapple (epicarp) contain large amounts of polyphenols and show a remarkable antioxidant capacity. In addition, these wastes may be material for the production of polyphenols such as acid rosmarinic and chlorogenic employing technologies appropriate for its refining.
