Resumen de Contribution to the development of new bio-based thermal insulation materials made from vegetal pith and natural binders: hygrothermal performance, fire reaction and mould growth resistance
The building sector is moving towards new approaches to energy efficient design, which includes not only the improvement of the thermal performance of the building envelope but also the reduction of the embodied energy. The development of bio-based thermal insulation materiaIs contribute to such approaches as their use may result in a reduction of both energy demand and embodied energy, together with other beneficial environmental aspects such as the reduction of non-renewable resources depletion and waste generation. Currently there are several commercial examples of bio-based materiaIs , most based on industrial fibres (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), wood or sheep's wool. The use of food-crop by-products is less common, but might be an interesting alternative for countries such as Spain where industrial fibre production is very marginal. These by-products, especially cereal straw, have been used and are increasingly used in building as reinforcement in composites , deck finishes , interior partitions or structural closures. In this research their use in building thermal insulation is proposed. On a first stage of the research, the aim is to explore the possibility of using some crop by-products available in Spain for the development of rigid thermal insulation boards. The availability of the raw materiaIs is evaluated and contrasted to two different forecast scenarios of demand. As a result, three widely available crop by-products (barley straw, corn pith and rice husks) are chosen to develop experimental composites using two natural binders (corn starch and sodium alginate). Both the raw materials and the composites made from them are characterised. Attention is focused on the physical, thermal and hygroscopic properties of the materiaIs, specially their porous structure, density, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, water vapour sorption and water vapour diffusivity. Results are evaluated against commercially available bio-based materials and other conventional insulation materials. Moreover, the fire reaction of the composites is investigated. The composite based on corn pith and alginate presented several favourable properties such as low density and low thermal conductivity, significant moisture adsorption and low fire contribution and it was therefore subject of a further investigation. Thus, on a second stage, the corn pith alginate composite is investigated. The dependence of the main thermal and hygroscopic properties to moisture content is analysed together with its hygrothermal performance. Moreover, its formulation is optimised in two different aspects: fire reaction and resistance to mould growth. In the case of fire, the analysis was mainly focused on the smouldering process. lt is found that the incorporation of boric acid results in a speed reduction of the combustion process, while ammonium polyphosphate increases the onset temperature. Lime has shown to effectively protect the corn pith granulates from mould growth. Finally, the hygrothermal performance of ETIC -like Systems incorporating the new material is evaluated and compared to mainstream materials.
