Resumen de Tratamiento y reutilización de efluentes de la industria textil mediante técnicas de membranas
Valentina Buscio Olivera
Textile industry consumes large amount of water in their processes, mainly in dyeing and finishing operations. In general, during the dyeing process, up to 30% of dyes used can be discharged into wastewater. For this reason, the wastewater generated by this industry is characterized by high colouration. Different treatments such as biological or physico-chemical processes have been used to treat this kind of wastewater. Nonetheless, these treatments do not degrade dyes and, in general, a post-treatment is required. In recent years, the interest for the application of membranes technologies to the removal of dyes has increased significantly. In this work, the feasibility to treat textile effluents containing residual dyes by means of membrane processes has been studied. In addition, the reuse of recovered dyes and/or treated water in new dyeing processes has been also tested. With this propose, two classes of dyes were selected: vat, represented by indigo, and disperse dyes. Vat dyes are one of the most popular dyes in the textile industry, especially indigo dye which is used in the denim industry. Its main advantage is the low solubility in water when is into its oxidized form, being easily separated by means of membranes. Before the membrane study, it was necessary to develop and validate analytical methods for indigo dye determination in dye baths. Although the three studied methods were able to quantify the indigo dye, the redox titration was selected as the most suitable for the measurement of indigo dye concentration in dye baths. Regarding the membrane treatment, industrial effluents that contained indigo dye were treated by means of different PVDF ultrafiltration membranes at laboratory and semi-industrial scale. The membrane treatment enabled to remove and recover indigo dye from wastewater. Moreover, the concentrates containing 20 g·L-1 of indigo dye were able to be reused in new dyeing processes. Fabrics dyed with 100% of recovered indigo exhibited similar characteristics than the ones obtained with the commercial dye. Disperse dyes were selected because they are used for dyeing of polyester which is the most consumed fibre in the world. First of all, synthetic effluents containing disperse dyes were treated by a PVDF ultrafiltration membrane. About 90% and 96% COD decrease and dye removal were achieved, respectively. The 100% of the obtained permeate was reused in new dyeings and no significant colour differences were observed between reference fabrics and the ones dyed with the permeate. Subsequently, textile effluents supplied by a polyester mill were treated by coupling a homogenization-decantation treatment with two PVDF ultrafiltration membranes at both laboratory and semi-industrial scale. At the end of treatments, the COD removal was 66% and colour reduction was 30%. Regarding the permate study, 100% permeate could be reused in the case of monochromies whereas 50% permeate was reused for trichromies. Finally, a hybrid treatment based on the combination of polysulphone membrane microfiltration and heterogeneous photocatalytic process was evaluated to degrade disperse dyes. The photocatalytic treatment was optimized and provided 60-90% dye degradation and COD removal from 70% to 98%. The membrane treatment enabled to separate the TiO2 particles and provided very high quality permeates.
