La evaluación del impacto ambiental en México desde la perspectiva de la Unión Europea: aplicación al proyecto de variante de circunvalación de la carretera México a Veracruz a su paso por la ciudad de Xalapa
- Autores: Juan Carlos Olivo Escudero
- Directores de la Tesis: Antonio Sastre Merlín (dir. tes.), Tania García López (codir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Alcalá ( España ) en 2012
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Joaquín Bosque Sendra (presid.), Fernando Magdaleno Mas (secret.), Antonio Morcillo San Juan (voc.), Antonio Sánchez Trujillano (voc.), Miguel Angel Casermeiro Martínez (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: D279 CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES: RECURSOS HIDRICOS Y ECOSISTEMAS ACUATICOS
- Materias:
- Enlaces
-
Dialnet Métricas: 1 Cita
- Resumen
- español
La evaluación de impacto ambiental es un instrumento preventivo de gestión ambiental ampliamente usado alrededor del mundo. España y México lo han adoptado desde hace varias décadas y su desarrollo ha sido diferente en ambos países. En la tesis se hace un estudio comparativo de los sistemas en ambos países, encontrando que en el primero, bajo la influencia de las directivas europeas, el sistema es un poco más complejo y mejor definido conceptualmente. Se analiza el marco legal de la EIA en México, tanto en el ámbito federal como en algunas entidades federativas y municipios. Por otra parte, se realiza el análisis de un estudio de caso sobre la EIA de un proyecto carretero en Veracruz, México, examinando la calidad de los estudios de impacto ambiental, por medio del cual se encontró en general que son de baja calidad, puesto que no aportan la información necesaria para asistir el proceso de toma de decisiones. Una de las carencias encontradas tanto en los estudios de impacto ambiental como en las resoluciones de la autoridad se refiere al uso de tecnologías de información geográfica. En este trabajo se desarrolla una propuesta metodológica de identificación de impactos mediante un software geomático de código libre y abierto (GRASS) y con bases de datos públicos y en su mayoría de libre acceso y gratuitos, basado en una simplificación del método McHarg y determinación de la capacidad de acogida.
- English
Environmental impact assessment is an environmental management preventive instrument world wide used. It has been adopted in Spain and Mexico since some decades before and its development have been quite different in both countries; in this thesis a comparison is done of the systems in both countries, finding that in the former, under the influence of the EU directives the system is quite more complex and well defined conceptually. It is done an analysis of the environmental impact assessment legal framework in the country level and in some federative states of Mexico. It is also done a case study about environmental impact assessment of a road project in Veracruz, Mexico, in which it is examined the quality of environmental impact studies, finding in general that they are of low quality because they do not supply the information needed to assists the process of decision making.
One of the deficiencies found, in both, environmental impact studies and environmental impact res resolutions of the authorities is referred to the use of geographic information technologies. In this work, a methodology is proposed and developed of environmental impact identification by means of GRASS (free and open source GIS) using public, and most of them free, geo-referenced data bases; the methodology is based on a simplification of McHarg and capacity of territorial reception methodologies. It is highlighted that it has been found challenges and opportunities for EIA in Mexico similar to those pointed to Spain EIA system, in the way that there is heterogeneity among federal states EIA legislation, that there is “salami-slicing” of projects, that authorities have to publish administrative regulations to clearly establish environmental impact studies contents. Among those differenced opportunity areas, it is highlighted that the process in Mexico has to be improved in a way that it must include a scooping stage like in Spain EIA process, that includes a public consultations since the beginning so that it can be detected early in the process the stakeholder sensitive areas of the project and they can be better tackled in the environmental impact study. It is also needed a better coordination between governmental levels and it is suggested that the EIA must be embedded in the formal authorization of the project. Finally, with the aim of give legal security to the developers and ton guarantee the environmental justice access to the people it is necessary to establish an official publication mechanism of the government resolution, like it is done in the official newspaper of Spain.
- español
