This thesis investigates the integration of atomic nanoclusters within engineered proteins and antibodies to develop electrochemical biosensors with enhanced functionalities. Through the creation of a protein-stabilized bio-ink with graphene and the development of thermally resilient and dual-mode sensing platforms, this work enables precise glucose monitoring and COVID-19 antibody detection. The research outcomes underscore the capability of nanocluster-based biosensors to address complex diagnostic challenges, contributing meaningful advancements to the field of biomedical sensor technology.
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