Microfinance institutions -MFIs- play a critical role in advancing financial inclusion and reducing poverty, especially in underserved areas. Yet their dual mission, pursuing financial sustainability while maximizing social outreach, often creates institutional tensions and risks of mission drift, particularly under growing competitive pressure from commercial banks and fintech firms. These challenges are intensified by structural and institutional factors such as governance, credit risk practices, and regulatory settings, which influence how institutions manage the balance between social and financial goals. Islamic microfinance, rooted in ethical and community-based principles, offers a compelling model to reconcile these aims, though concerns remain about its scalability and long-term effectiveness. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of microfinance's evolving landscape, combining bibliometric, theoretical, and empirical approaches to examine how corporate social responsibility, efficiency, and competition intersect.
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