Resumen de Porous sulfur-based materials for photocatalytic applications
The present doctoral thesis focused on the development and modification of metal sulfide based microstructured materials for the solar fuels production. Two new materials, IZM-5 and ITQ-75 made of tin and zinc sulfide, were obtained and characterized. Since it is intended to use such materials on solar-driven processes, it was necessary to fine tune their electronic structure, through a doping strategy, and their accessibility, through the modification of the synthesis gel composition or by post synthesis methods. Different doping agents, such as copper, cobalt, nickel and iron, as well as the insertion of a ruthenium complex were tested. The most successful ones were copper and cobalt, since with their presence it is possible to reduce the optical band gap value to 2,0 eV, a value within the optimal range of optical band gaps for solar fuel production processes. When such doping agents were present into the IZM-5 gel, it was found that the expected diffraction pattern was not obtained, but one of a new material, entitled ITQ-76. As with zeolites, the firsts attempts to allow accessibility to photoactive sites was about releasing the microporosity, the internal surface, by removing the organic structure directing agent used during the synthesis process. Because no strategy was successful, it was alternatively attempted to enhance the external surface (grain surface or mesoporosity). Of the different strategies tested, it was found that varying the gel composition was the most successful one. The insertion of saccharides, previously studied in the literature as mesoporosity agents, and increasing the synthesis gel viscosity in order to decrease the final crystal size were tested. However, the presence of saccharides did not lead to the formation of a mesoporous system. The improvement in accessibility was due to the decrease of particle sizes. By increasing the gel viscosity it was also possible to decrease the average size of the crystals and consequently increase the external surface area. After the modification of the structures under study in order to obtain a wide range of properties, their photocatalytic performance was evaluated by using the water splitting reaction. A volcano-like relationship seemed to exist between photocatalytic performance and the external surface area. According to the literature reviewed, this behavior might be explained by the balance between the increase of available active centers and the increase of surface defects which are potential recombination sites. Regarding the relation between the photocatalytic performance and the optical band gap value, again a volcano-like relationship seems to exist. According to the reviewed bibliography, it was found that with the reduction of the optical band gap value the number of absorbed photons increases and, as such, the performance is expected to increase. However, it is necessary that the photogenerated charges have a sufficient potential to participate in the desired reaction. As a result, below a certain optical band gap value, the photogenerated charges no longer have sufficient potential and, as such, the performance decreases. Of the different samples tested, those modified with sucrose stand out as having the best performance. So far it was not possible to unravel the phenomenon behind those enhanced reactivity. Hence, a more detailed characterization of these samples is necessary in order to understand how the presence of the organic component influences the electronic structure of the material and, consequently, its performance. It would also be important to assess the stability of the organic component during the reaction, more specifically to verify that it does not undergo an oxidation process that might produce protons, which are then able to form dihydrogen.
