La presente tesis doctoral indaga en el vacío historiográfico existente durante casi ochenta años que supuso el exilio de miles de andaluces y andaluzas en 1939, justo al final de la guerra civil, a las colonias francesas del norte de África: Argelia, el Marruecos francés y Túnez.
En ella se puede encontrar en primer lugar la pertinente introducción, en la cual se detalla el estado de la cuestión los objetivos, hipótesis, metodologías y, en definitiva, la justificación del tema.
Tras la introducción, la tesis aborda los diferentes itinerarios que tomaron los refugiados andaluces desde finales de la guerra civil, en marzo de 1939, hasta diciembre del mismo año. Muestra los barcos en los que zarparon desde distintos puertos del Levante español, de Almería a Valencia y las listas de pasajeros. También se puede descubrir cómo muchos refugiados de los campos de concentración del sureste francés, tras la caída del frente en Cataluña en febrero de 1939, zarparon en barcos de línea regular hacia el puerto argelino de Orán y cómo se repartieron por el área norteafricana francesa.
A continuación se evidencia la distribución de los exiliados por los campos de concentración de Argelia, Túnez y Marruecos. Campos de concentración que, a partir de mediados de 1940, se convirtieron en auténticos campos de trabajo forzados. Con todos estos datos, en la presente tesis se ponen nombres y apellidos a muchos de los andaluces y andaluzas que pisaron suelo norteafricano.
Después de la visibilización de los refugiados andaluces que fueron en los barcos del exilio norteafricano y su presencia en los campos, se aborda la continuación del exilio, que presenta diversas vías, tales como el trabajo voluntario, el enrolamiento en las Compañías de Trabajadores Extranjeros, en la Legión Extranjera francesa, en la 2º División Blindada –La Nueve- del general Leclerc o el el VIII Ejército Británico de Montgomery. También se trazan las posteriores reemigraciones a terceros países, principalmente Francia y algunos latinoamericanos –especialmente México- , así como al Reino Unido o Australia.
Para finalizar la tesis se detallan unas conclusiones, en las cuales no solamente se cuantifica el exilio andaluz de 1939 en el norte de África, sino también se cualifica, tratándose de un exilio protagonizado principalmente por las clases trabajadoras andaluzas. Se finaliza detallando las principales lagunas tras la investigación y los objetivos a plantear en el futuro para ampliar los conocimientos sobre el tema. Dicha investigación no supone más que la punta de lanza. Unos anexos gráficos explicativos y las fuentes y bibliografía completan el trabajo de investigación y elaboración de esta tesis.
Beyond the specifically academic profile of its introduction, this Doctoral Thesis essentially seeks to offer the public, generally unfamiliar with the exile of 1939, a more or less detailed vision of the Andalusian exile in North Africa, destination and part of the Spanish republican exile of 1939 even more unknown if possible than others such as exile to France or Mexico, although in the case of exile to France there are still many unknowns to be resolved. In the introduction it is very clear that the research topic has been a true historiographical vacuum for almost eighty years. Despite this academic profile, the introduction already justifies the topic dealt with through its historical contextualization within the international framework of the 1930s and the migratory tradition of Spain and the Andalusians from previous centuries. In this way, what was intended with the investigation was to make visible the Andalusians who were forced to abandon their families, their homes and their homeland due to force majeure and political-ideological nature. For this, a wide range of documentary, hemerographic and testimonial sources has been used, as stated in the introduction.
To begin with the investigation itself, in the first chapter a general description of what the years of civil war in Andalusia meant and the relationship of the ships that left the province of Almería, together with others from the Central area -South -Murcia, Alicante, Valencia-, between the months of February and March 1939 bound for Oran.
And the most novel, the discovery of a second source of Spanish refugees bound for Oran, coming from the French concentration camps in the south of France, after the massive exodus that occurred with the fall of Catalonia in the months of January and February 1939. These refugees arrived in Oran on regular line ships and with all the necessary documentation provided by the French authorities, with the aim of alleviating the migratory pressure of the Spanish refugees in the metropolis. In the case of both migratory centers, the passenger lists allow us to know the total number of refugees and the identity of many Andalusian men and women who were on the boats, as well as their profession, which leads us to discover that It was about an exile basically carried out by the working classes.
Already in the second chapter, the investigation leads us to find out what happened to the Andalusian refugees as soon as they arrived in Oran, how they were treated and where they stayed. Also the different Algerian, Moroccan or Tunisian fields that concentrated a good part of them. And with this we verify that around 20% of the Spanish refugees from the North African camps were Andalusian, strongly highlighting the presence of people from Malaga, Cadiz and Almeria, many of them militiamen, although from professions belonging to the Andalusian popular classes. The third and last chapter, more succinct than the previous two, focuses on the different itineraries adopted by the protagonists of the Andalusian exile after their arrival in Algeria and the passage through the fields, whether it was repatriation, a new emigration to third countries, volunteer work, Workers' Companies or joining military forces, either the French Foreign Legion or allied armies of liberation such as the 2nd Armored Division or the British Army. The aspects dealt with here are those that still present more gaps and leave the doors open to propose numerous hypotheses to work on in future research.
To conclude, what this research work has achieved is to make visible the very important presence of the Andalusian exile of 1939 in North Africa, representing about a fifth of the 12,000 Spanish refugees who ended up in North African lands in the convulsive months of the end of the civil war and immediately after.
© 2001-2025 Fundación Dialnet · Todos los derechos reservados