La pobreza es un problema social que ha sido estudiado desde diversos enfoques, principalmente desde el monetario. Sin embargo, en la actualidad existe un amplio consenso para abordar la pobreza a través del enfoque multidimensional, con mayor énfasis en los países en vías de desarrollo. En este sentido, esta tesis doctoral se propone analizar la pobreza multidimensional en Ecuador y sus implicaciones de política para combatirla. En consecuencia, se comenzó por una revisión de los aspectos teóricos y metodológicos del problema de investigación, posteriormente a partir del análisis de redes se desarrolló una propuesta para la ponderación de dimensiones, luego se propuso un índice de pobreza multidimensional para Ecuador con base en la teoría de conjuntos difusos y el enfoque de las capacidades, con dicho índice se realizó un análisis espacial de la pobreza a nivel provincial y a través de un modelo probit multinomial se estimó los efectos del gasto público sobre la pobreza multidimensional en Ecuador. Los principales resultados sugieren que hay razones para considerar que las dimensiones que se evalúan en la pobreza multidimensional, afectan de forma distinta al bienestar de la población, lo cual se debe tomar en cuenta para su medición. Se identifica que las políticas de vivienda como las políticas laborales son los sectores prioritarios a nivel nacional, mientras que, a nivel provincial, la heterogeneidad del territorio ecuatoriano, sugiere la necesidad de políticas locales que prevalezcan las carencias de mayor impacto para cada territorio, además se determinó que el gasto en bienestar social como instrumento de política es efectivo para el combate a la pobreza multidimensional.
Poverty is a social problem that affects the living conditions of households, depriving them of certain basic capabilities necessary for the full development of their lives. Its study has been carried out from numerous perspectives, mainly from the monetary approach. However, there is currently a strong trend among researchers and policy makers to address poverty through the multidimensional approach, with greater emphasis on developing countries. In this way, the general objective of this research is to analyze multidimensional poverty in Ecuador and its policy implications to combat it, examining it at the national and provincial levels.
Accordingly, the work began with a review of the theoretical and methodological aspects of the research problem, then based on the network analysis a proposal is developed for the weighting of dimensions that identifies the relevance of each one of the deprivations, later it is proposed a multidimensional poverty index for Ecuador based on the theory of fuzzy sets and the capability approach, with this index it is performed a spatial analysis of poverty at a provincial level and through a multinomial probit model the effects of public spending are estimated on multidimensional poverty in Ecuador.
The main results suggest that there are reasons to consider that the dimensions evaluated in multidimensional poverty affect the well-being of the population in different ways, which should be taken into account for its measurement. It is identified that housing and labor policies are the priority sectors at the national level, while at the provincial level, the heterogeneity of the ecuadorian territory suggests the need for local policies that prioritize the shortcomings of greater impact for each territory, it was also determined that social welfare spending as a policy instrument is effective in the combat against poverty. Finally, multidimensional poverty was significantly reduced at the national and provincial levels, as well as in the urban and rural domains in the period 2009-2017, however, there are still worrying gaps in different population groups that should be prioritized in the design of public policies.
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