Resumen de Going from digestion to microstructure of starch-based food products: understanding the role of polyphenols
Due to the increasing importance of diet on health management, it remains of utmost interest to unravel how food is processed in the human digestive system. Food structure can significantly influence food processing, affecting its performance during eating and digestion. Specifically, the digestion of carbohydrates-based foods requires further insight due to their contribution to blood glucose levels. The knowledge of starch digestion kinetics will contribute to design tailored foods for managing postprandial glucose levels. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to acquire a better understanding of the impact of microstructure on starch digestion and how digestive enzymes might be modulated by the use of phenolic compounds. With that purpose, the role of bread structure on in vivo mastication, and in vitro digestion was evaluated. Subsequently, starch gels from different sources were produced and digested in an in vitro oro-gastro-intestinal digestion system to analyze the impact of gel microstructure. After the microstructure studies on bread and starch gels, different phenolic acids or seaweed polyphenolic extracts were explored as inhibitors of starch digestive enzymes, and the involvement of starch gel microstructure on the enzymatic digestion was assessed. Mastication of toasted wheat breads was affected by their different structures, despite no differences in the sensory perception was observed. Bolus texture was also altered by bread structure and texture. The breadmaking process offered the possibility to modify the bread structure. In fact, varying dough shaping led to breads with different crumb structure and texture properties. After stressing the importance of selecting the in vitro oral processing method used to simulate mastication, the further digestion of the bread with different crumb structure confirmed that they were differently disaggregated yielding variations on posterior starch digestibility. Once stating the importance of crumb microstructure on starch digestion, the focus was shifted to connect starch gels microstructure with its in vitro digestion. Gels obtained with a different type of starch, from cereals, pulses, or tubers, showed different digestibility, which was related to their microstructure but also their amylose content. Considering the action of digestive enzymes (¿-amylase and ¿-glucosidase) on starch hydrolysis, different phenolic compounds were studied to understand the interactions between phenolics and either enzymes or substrates. The most effective way to inhibit enzymes was to incubate them with phenolic acids. A higher concentration of the inhibitor was needed when phenolic compounds interacted previously with the substrate, due to their retention within the starch gel. The chemical structure of phenolic acids controlled the enzyme inhibition. Similarly, complex phenolic extracts, like those extracted from A. nodosum seaweed could be used to inhibit digestive enzymes, showing greater inhibition effect when they were previously incubated with the enzyme, owing to the existence of carbohydrate-polyphenol complexes their different inhibitory capabilities. In addition, phenolic acids affected pasting properties and therefore gel microstructure and gel texture of starches. However, those changes on gels microstructure and texture were not enough to control starch enzymatic hydrolysis, which was related to the specific chemical structure of the phenolic acids and their properties. Overall, crumb or gel microstructure can limit digestive enzymes accessibility, which would reduce the starch hydrolysis. Moreover, the inclusion of phenolic acids on starch-based foods might be the alternative to reduce the extent of starch digestion by inhibiting digestive enzymes.
