Análisis del deporte como un dispositivo de gestión gubernamental en programas institucionales orientados hacia niños, niñas y jóvenes en Santiago de Chile, Región Metropolitana
- Autores: Gabriel Emiliano Urzua Vera
- Directores de la Tesis: Cornelio Águila Soto (codir. tes.), Patricio Cabello Cádiz (codir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Almería ( España ) en 2021
- Idioma: español
- Número de páginas: 725
- Títulos paralelos:
- Analysis of sport as a governmental management dispositif in institutional programmes aimed at children and young people in Santiago de Chile, metropolitan region
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Enrique Rivera García (presid.), Antonio Granero Gallegos (secret.), Ruth Maria Cabeza Ruiz (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Educación por la Universidad de Almería
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Tesis en acceso abierto en: riUAL
- Resumen
- español
El deporte moderno desde su aparición en el escenario público -siglos XVIII y XIX en el seno del continente europeo- se ha expandido espectacularmente por todo el orbe. Sus orígenes están marcados por la instalación de la norma social y por la introducción de valores y actitudes asociados a un ideal de comportamiento.
Nos propusimos examinar programas de instituciones (públicas y privadas) que utilizan al deporte como estrategia de intervención y que declaran propósitos asociados a la maximización de estilos de vida saludables, bienestar y valores socialmente deseables. Utilizando la noción de gubernamentalidad de raíz foucaultiana, analizamos cómo ciertos programas con componentes deportivos, en el contexto de una sociedad neoliberal, se organizan como un dispositivo gubernamental de gestión y regulación de la población y de los comportamientos y actitudes de niños, niñas y jóvenes. Los programas analizados operan principalmente en Santiago de Chile, aunque extienden sus actividades a todo el país.
El método que utilizamos se sostiene desde el enfoque cualitativo, asumiendo una posición fenomenológica e interpretativa, es decir, intentamos destacar la perspectiva del sujeto implicado en el fenómeno que investigamos. En lo específico, nuestra investigación se articuló metodológicamente en dos fases. Por un lado, seleccionamos y analizamos un corpus documental conformado por siete textos, correspondientes a instituciones públicas y privadas, que declaran el uso del deporte en su forma no competitiva, como herramienta de intervención social y educativa y promotora de valores positivos. Por otro, instrumentamos diecisiete entrevistas a informantes definidos como claves. Un primer grupo de entrevistados estuvo constituido por diez representantes de instituciones públicas y privadas que ocupan distintas posiciones en éstas. Un segundo grupo de entrevistas fue conformado por siete niños, niñas y jóvenes que participan directamente de cada uno de los programas seleccionados. El análisis cualitativo practicado nos permitió advertir, desde una mirada crítica, las relaciones y elementos en común y divergentes existentes entre los significados que cada uno de los documentos analizados y los sujetos entrevistados fueron capaces de referir. Para esto construimos una matriz que captura la información proveniente de las distintas fuentes, ordenándola en relación a cinco categorías analíticas: 1. Necesidad / legitimación; 2. Actores; 3. Prácticas concretas; 4. Resultado esperado; y 5. Valores declarados. Tanto la información aportada por el corpus documental como la proveniente desde las entrevistas fue tratada a partir del mismo sistema de categorías. Es decir, analizamos cada fuente por separado, para luego practicar un análisis que articula y contrasta la información proveniente de cada una de ellas. Concluimos que prevalecen las convergencias entre las declaraciones institucionales acerca del deporte y la percepción y experiencias de los actores que participan en los programas de intervención con componentes deportivos. Estas convergencias las traducimos en tres elementos concluyentes que dan cuenta del deporte como un dispositivo gubernamental capaz de gobernar hábitos, morales y éticas a partir de la organización de un conjunto heterogéneo de saberes y prácticas: 1. El deporte es bueno en sí mismo; 2. Deporte y salud; y 3). Deporte como formador de buenos ciudadanos. En definitiva, prevalece una mirada universal, acrítica y sacralizada acerca del deporte y sus beneficios, opera como un juez universal de la salud construyendo un sistema de verdad que propone formas ideales de ser y mantiene su original impronta civilizatoria orientando su carácter interventor hacia la construcción de ciudadanos funcionales que le darán estabilidad a la sociedad neoliberal.
- English
Since its appearance in the public stage –in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries within the European continent– modern sport has expanded spectacularly around the globe. Its origins are characterized by the setting of social norms and the introduction of values and attitudes associated to a behavior ideal. At present, it is a highly relevant phenomenon which is part of the individuals’ daily life and has an impact on scopes as diverse as politics, economics, health, culture and education. It has such an important presence that it has become an unquestionable tool in relation to the powerful and positive effects that it may cause, both at the individual and supra-individual levels: sport practicing would be a synonym of healthy life, and the societies that promote it would have an impact on the well-being and quality of life of their citizens.
We decided to study sport –taking a problematization approach towards the universal imperative attributed to it– in its form of institutional intervention aimed at children and youngsters. To achieve this, we analyzed practices of (public and private) institutions that use sport as an intervention strategy and claim purposes associated to maximizing healthy lifestyles, wellbeing and socially desirable values. Taking the notion of governmentality developed by Foucault, our purpose was to know how certain practices that include sports components –in the context of a neoliberal society– become organized as a governmental dispositif to manage and regulate the population and the behaviors and attitudes of children and youngsters. The analyzed practices are implemented mostly in Santiago de Chile, although their activities are extended to the rest of the country.
The applied method is based on the qualitative approach, taking an interpretative and phenomenological perspective, that is, an intended focus on the perspective of the individual involved in the phenomenon under research. We decided to position their discourses within the political, social and cultural frontiers that are their condition of possibility to provide a meaning to the object of study that we were interested in knowing. Specifically, our research was methodologically articulated in two phases. On the one hand, we selected and analyzed a documentary corpus consisting of seven texts from public and private institutions, which claim the use of sport in its non-competitive form, as a tool for social and educational interventions and as a promoter of positive values. On the other hand, we conducted seventeen interviews to individuals that were defined as key respondents. The first group of interviewees was made up of ten representatives of public and private institutions who hold various positions in these organizations.
The second group of interviewees was made up of seven children and youngsters who participate directly in each of the selected practices. The participants were selected by combining two strategies: 1. We established a framework of diversity, aiming at finding cases where it would be possible to establish beforehand that they belong to differentiated categories or positions within the research problem. 2. We followed an inductive path in line with theoretical and saturation sampling. Through the qualitative analysis we were able to notice, from a critical view, the existing common and divergent relationships and elements among the meanings that each analyzed document and each interviewee were able to recount. Thus, we built a matrix that captures the information derived from the different sources into five analytical categories: 1. Need / legitimation; 2. Participants; 3. Specific practices; 4. Expected outcome; and 5. Claimed values.
The information derived from both the documentary corpus and the interviews was addressed under the same system of categories. That is, each source was analyzed separately to, then, conduct an analysis that articulates and compares the information derived from each one of them. We concluded that convergence prevails between the institutional claims about sport and the perception and experience of those who participate in the practices of intervention that include sports components. These convergences have been translated into three conclusive elements that account for sport as a governmental dispositif capable of governing habits, morals and ethics based on the organization of a heterogeneous set of knowledge and practices: 1. Sport is good in itself;
2. Sport and health; and 3. Sport as a shaper of good citizens. Finally, a universal, uncritical and sacralized view prevails around sport and its benefits; it operates as a universal judge of health, building a system of truth that suggests ideal ways of being and keeps its original civilizational imprint that guides its intervening nature towards building functional citizens that will provide stability to the neoliberal society.
- español
