Resumen de Propietats reflectives i mineralogia de asteroides mitjançant condrites carbonàcies
To understand the solar system in its current form, and the formation of the planets, small bodies play a key role. The composition of asteroids and comets provides the clues about the birth of the solar system and its evolution. Small undifferentiated bodies contain the first solid materials of the Solar System, formed from the aggregation and melting of primordial dust. From these primordial building blocks much larger bodies such as asteroids, comets and planets were formed. Rocky bodies with a size of few hundreds of kilometers experienced chemical segregation due to differentiation, but the smaller ones irradiated the internal heat and never melted. These undifferentiated bodies have preserved pristine materials that were forming the protoplanetary disk. These materials are hosted by undifferentiated meteorites. The meteorites coming from these objects, known as chondrites, are samples of materials formed in the protoplanetary disk around the Sun about 4,600 million years ago. Among them, the carbonaceous chondrites are the only available samples representing carbonaceous asteroids which are important to understand their physical properties and for future comparison with samples returned by Hayabusa 2 and OSIRIS-Rex missions.
This thesis focuses on the chemical composition, mineralogy, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of Solar System small bodies through laboratory measurements of their meteorites. Several techniques described here allow the study of the properties of chondrites, and therefore provide clues about the complex accretionary histories of their parent bodies. The mineralogical changes associated with thermal metamorphism, aqueous alteration, or to the effects of shock in chondrites are described here in the context of getting clues about their possible parent asteroids. Besides, spectroscopic techniques are applied as a suitable method to link the meteorite samples to specific asteroids, although an unambiguous association will require to complete future sample return missions. In the first part of the work, the reflectance spectra of two chemically-related carbonaceous chondrites groups, precisely the CVs and CKs are measured and compared. The reflective properties of these two chondrite groups and the comparison with the Cg asteroid reflectance class supports a common formation scenario. Asteroids have been exposed to impacts since their formation, and as a consequence their surfaces are covered by small particles, pebbles, and boulders. The Japanese JAXA Hayabusa mission collected particles from the regolith of asteroid 25143 Itokawa. Laboratory studies of these particles provide a scientific opportunity as their physical properties can be compared with those characteristic of chondrites that can be considered proxies of the building materials of potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs). In the second part of the thesis the results from a study of the mechanical properties of three of these particles using a precise technique called nanoindentation are presented. Finally, the properties of dark bodies associated with evolved comets are studied. In that sense, comet 2P/Encke is one of the largest object of the so-called Taurid complex. Its spectral behaviour makes it similar to pristine carbonaceous asteroids, but little was known about its real nature. In this work a good spectral match between this comet and two ungrouped chondrites has been found, allowing us to make a first-guess about the heterogeneous composition of the surface of a short-period comet.
