Resumen de Regulation of aba signaling through degradation of clade a pp2cs by the rglg1 and crl3 bpm e3 ligases
Hormone-induced ubiquitination plays a crucial role to determine the half-life of key negative regulators of hormone signaling. In case of ABA signaling, the key negative regulators are the clade-A PP2Cs, such as PP2CA or ABI1, and their degradation is a complementary mechanism to PYR/PYL/RCAR-mediated inhibition of their activity. ABA promotes the degradation of ABI1 through the PUB12/13 E3 ligases, and PP2CA through the RGLG1/5 E3 ligases. However, other unidentified E3 ligases are predicted to regulate clade A PP2Cs half-life as well. At later steps of ABA signaling, ABA also induces upregulation of PP2C transcripts and protein levels as a negative feedback mechanism. Therefore, resetting of ABA signaling also requires PP2C degradation to avoid excessive ABA-induced accumulation of PP2Cs.
In this work we identified BTB/POZ AND MATH DOMAIN proteins (BPMs), substrate adaptors of the multimeric CULLIN3-RING E3 ligases (CRL3s), as PP2C-interacting proteins. BPM3 and BPM5 interact in the nucleus with PP2CA as well as with ABI1, ABI2 and HAB1. Additionally, BPM3 and BPM5 accelerate the turnover of PP2Cs in an ABA-dependent manner and their overexpression leads to enhanced ABA sensitivity. Moreover, bpm3 bpm5 mutant plants showed increased accumulation of PP2CA, ABI1 and HAB1, which leads to global diminished ABA sensitivity. Finally, using biochemical and genetic assays we demonstrated that BPMs enhance the ubiquitination of PP2CA. Given the formation of receptor-ABA-phosphatase ternary complexes is markedly affected by the abundance of protein components and ABA concentration, we reveal that BPMs and multimeric CRL3 E3 ligases are important modulators of PP2C co-receptor levels to regulate early ABA signaling as well as the subsequent resetting steps.
In contrast to PUB12/13, it was not known how ABA enhances the degradation of PP2CA by RGLG1/5. RGLG1 is predominantly found in the plasma membrane whereas PP2CA is predominant in the nucleus. We demonstrate that ABA modifies the subcellular localization of RGLG1, promoting nuclear interaction with PP2CA. Firstly, we found that RGLG1 is myristoylated in vivo, which facilitates its attachment to the plasma membrane, nevertheless, ABA inhibits its myristoylation. ABA also downregulates N-myristoyltransferase 1, the central active enzyme of protein myristoylation, which may help to promote RGLG1 translocation to the nucleus. There, RGLG1 can interact with certain monomeric ABA receptors, as PYL8. Enhanced nuclear recruitment of the E3 ligase was also promoted by increasing PP2CA protein levels and the formation of RGLG1-PYL8-PP2CA complexes in the presence of ABA. Additionally, we found that RGLG1Gly2Ala protein, mutated at the N-terminal myristoylation site, shows constitutive nuclear localization and causes an enhanced response to ABA and salt and osmotic stresses. In summary, we provided evidence that an E3 ligase can dynamically relocalize in response to ABA, salt and osmotic stress, and increased levels of its target, which reveals a mechanism to explain how ABA enhances RGLG1-PP2CA interaction and hence PP2CA degradation.
