Resumen de Natural enemies for the conservation biological control of myzus persicae in mediterranean peach orchards
Yahana Michelle Aparicio del Moral
Peach and nectarine tree belongs to the species Prunus persica and is the third most produced fruit species in the world. Within Europe, Spain is a leading producer. Most of the crops are located in Catalonia (northeastern Spain). Peach tree is the primary host of Myzus persicae, which is one of the most damaging pests of the crop. To date, its management has mainly based on insecticides, but the risk they pose to the human health and the environment, requires a reduction in their usage. Biological control could be a good tool to improve its control because of the wide array of natural enemies. Among the different strategies, conservation of already natural enemies present in the agroecosystem seems the more promising. Therefore, the present thesis was undertaken to determine the possibility of implementing conservation biological control against M. persicae in peach orchards in the Mediterranean area.
The identification of the key natural enemies has to be the first step to start a conservation biological control program. The inclusion of floral resources close to the orchards might help to enhance the control by providing natural enemies with food sources, therefore improving aphid biological control. The first two chapters of this thesis, are dedicated to identify the key natural enemies of M. persicae in the Segrià area (Catalonia) and to evaluate in field conditions, the potential contribution of insectary plants to enhance aphid natural enemy populations. Sentinel plants, were used to recruit the natural enemies, and molecular and morphological methods were used to identify them. Then, their attraction to Achillea millefolium, Lobularia maritima, Moricandia arvensis, and Sinapis alba was evaluated. Results showed that, the most abundant natural enemies were parasitoids with the species Aphidius matricariae the most prevalent. Regarding predators, Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Episyrphus balteatus were the most prevalent, followed by Orius majusculus. Insectary plants were highly attractive to hoverflies and parasitoids, and none of the plants was a reservoir of damaging aphids for peach crops. Lobularia maritima was one of the more suitable plants. However, the proximity of these plants did not increase the abundance of natural enemies, probably due to the size of the orchards.
To effectively contribute to natural enemy fitness, flowering insectary plants have to provide profitable food. The third chapter focused on assess whether the insectary plant L. maritima is a potential food source for Aphidius ervi and A. aphidimyza. Results showed that L. maritima, with and without flowers, attracted both natural enemies. However, this attractiveness was disrupted when compared with peach shoots infested with aphids. L. maritima flowers did not improved the fitness of A. aphidimyza, since the floral morphology prevented females to feed on the nectar. Nevertheless, flowers increased the longevity of A. ervi. The high diversity of natural enemies increases the probability of intraguild predation, additionally the presence of natural enemies in an aphid colony can also produce behavioral changes in aphids. The last chapter had the aim to evaluate the interactions among predators and parasitoids, and how these interactions may influence the biological control of the aphid. The contribution of E. balteatus, A. aphidimyza and O. majusculus was determined. The changes in the aphid’s behavior mediated by the aphid cornicle exudate and the interaction of these predators with the parasitoid A. matricariae were also evaluated. The most voracious predator was E. balteatus. O. majusculus did not reduce pest population. The cornicle exudate triggers fecundity compensation A. aphidimyza and O. majusculus preferred to kill nonparasitized aphids, and avoid to feed on mummies. The results of this thesis, suggest that the conservation biological control can be a useful tool to improve M. persicae control in peach and nectarine crops.
