Algoritmos de localización de faltas en redes eléctricas
- Autores: Marta Abad López
- Directores de la Tesis: Miguel García Gracia (dir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Zaragoza ( España ) en 2017
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Blas Hermoso Alameda (presid.), Jesús Letosa Fleta (secret.), Andrés Honrubia Escribano (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética por la Universidad de Zaragoza
- Materias:
- Texto completo no disponible (Saber más ...)
- Resumen
La tesis presentada se basa en el desarrollo de algoritmos de localización de faltas en redes eléctricas.
Para ello, en primer lugar, se ha realizado la revisión del estado del arte de los diferentes métodos y técnicas desarrollados hasta la fechas para la localización de faltas, tanto en redes de distribución como de transporte. En este apartado se han revisado más de 80 referencias bibliográficas.
A continuación se describen los tres algoritmos de localización desarrollados. El primero de ellos está basado en el cálculo de la impedancia a partir de las medidas de tensión e intensidad disponibles en diferentes puntos de la red. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos mediante simulación ante diferentes escenarios. Este algoritmo se ha implementado en una red de distribución.
El segundo algoritmo desarrollado se basa en la respuesta a impulsos de la red eléctrica, con el que se pretende evolucionar y dar robustez al algoritmo propuesto en una Tesis Doctoral previa. El método consiste en capturar la respuesta del sistema eléctrico a una serie de pulsos de alta frecuencia inyectados en la red, tanto en condiciones de prefalta como de falta. Un equipo, llamado localizador de faltas, es el encargado de generar los pulsos, inyectarlos en la red eléctrica y capturar la respuesta del sistema. Tras la detección de la falta, el algoritmo realiza un análisis comparativo entre la respuesta obtenida en el estado previo a la falta y la respuesta durante la falta. Este análisis permite determinar la distancia a la cual ha tenido lugar la falta. La captura periódica de la respuesta del sistema en condiciones de prefalta permite disponer de una imagen actualizada de la red en todo momento, manteniendo la capacidad de localización aun cuando esta experimente cambios permanentes o temporales en su topología. El algoritmo desarrollado se basa en las Ecuaciones del telagrafista que describen el comportamiento de la línea eléctrica, así como en la teoría de ondas viajeras. Por ello se incluye un capítulo teórico en el que se introducen las ecuaciones de las líneas eléctricas en régimen permanente y transitorio. Se define la velocidad de propagación de las señales en la línea y se analiza su variación en función de si la propagación tiene lugar en línea aérea o en cable subterráneo. Se analizan las pérdidas por efecto skin y por efecto corona que tienen lugar en las redes eléctricas. Por último, se analiza la relación existente entre la función escalón unitario y la respuesta de un sistema a la función impulso unitario, relación en la que se basa el algoritmo desarrollado. Este algoritmo se ha aplicado a una red de distribución diferente a la utilizada en el capítulo anterior, y que contempla las características topológicas recomendadas por el comité de estudios C6 del CIGRÉ. En los resultados obtenidos se observa que este método presenta dificultades para ubicar con precisión faltas alejadas de la subestación donde se encuentra instalado el equipo. Es por ello que se ha desarrollado un algoritmo híbrido que combina este método con otro basado en transformada wavelet.
En el capítulo correspondiente en el que se describe este último método se ha realizado una introducción a la transformada wavelet. A continuación, se describe el procedimiento llevado a cabo para la localización de faltas mediante la aplicación de la transformada wavelet. Los métodos basados en transformada wavelet presentan dificultades para ubicar con precisión faltas cercanas a la subestación. En los resultados obtenidos del comportamiento del algoritmo propuesto ante diferentes tipos de faltas se observa que el algoritmo híbrido, a partir de los resultados obtenidos de la aplicación de ambos métodos, es capaz de ubicar con precisión faltas en cualquier localización de la red de transporte modelada.
Referencias bibliográficas [1] Asociación española de la industria eléctrica. El sector eléctrico a través de Unesa (1944-2004). Unesa, Madrid 2005.
[2] Observatorio Industrial del Sector de la Electrónica, Tecnologías de la Información y Telecomunicaciones. Smart grids y la evolución de la red eléctrica. 2011. [En línea]: http://www.minetur.gob.es/industria/observatorios/SectorElectronica/Actividades/2010/Federaci%C3%B3n%20de%20Entidades%20de%20Innovaci%C3%B3n%20y%20Tecnolog%C3%ADa/SMART_GRIDS_Y_EVOLUCION_DE_LA_RED_ELECTRICA.pdf [3] Comisión Europea. Europa 2020: Una estrategia para un crecimiento inteligente, sostenible e integrador. Comunicación de la comisión COM(2010), Bruselas 2010.
[4] European Technology Platform SmartGrids. Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for RD&D needs towards 2035. “SmartGrids SRA 2035”. 2012. [En línea]: http://www.smartgrids.eu/documents/sra2035.pdf [5] Real Decreto 1955/2000, de 1 de diciembre, por el que se regulan las actividades de transporte, distribución, comercialización, suministro y procedimientos de autorización de instalaciones de energía eléctrica.
[6] Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo. [En línea]: https://oficinavirtual.mityc.es/eee/Conexion/SubMenu.aspx?loc=24 [7] Buigues Beraza, G. Metodología para la detección y localización de faltas en redes de distribución con puesta a tierra activa. Tesis doctoral. Universidad del País Vasco, 2011.
[8] El Halabi, N., García-Gracia, M., Borroy, J., Villa, J. L. Current phase comparison pilot scheme for distributed generation. Applied Energy, 2011; vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 4563−4569.
[9] Mora-Flórez, J., Morales-España, G., Pérez-Londoño, S. Learning-based strategy for reducing the multiple estimation problem of fault zone location in radial power systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2009; vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 346−356.
[10] Alwash, S. F., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Mithulananthan, N. Fault-location scheme for power distribution system with distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2014; vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1187−1195.
[11] Zayandehroodi, H., Mohamed, A., Farhoodnea, M., Mohammadjafari, M. An optimal radial basis function neural network for fault location in a distribution network with high penetration of DG units. Measurement, 2013; vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 3319−3327.
[12] Mora-Flórez, J. J., Herrera-Orozco, R. A., Bedoya-Cadena, A. F. Fault location considering load uncertainty and distributed generation in power distribution systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2015; vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 287−295.
[13] El Halabi, N. Localizadores de faltas para redes de distribución eléctrica. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2012.
[14] Manitoba HVDC Research Centre. PSCAD v4.2. 2006.
[15] Lehtonen, M. Fault management in electrical distribution systems. Final report of the CIRED Working Group WG03 Fault management. Finland 1998; 22.
[16] Power System Relaying Committee. IEEE Std C37.114-2004. IEEE Guide for determining fault location on AC transmission and distribution lines. IEEE Power Engineering Society, 2004.
[17] Mirzaei, M., A Ab Kadir, M. Z., Moazami, E., Hizam, H. Review of fault location methods for distribution power system. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2009; vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2670−2676.
[18] Awalin, L. J., Mokhlis, H., Bakar, A. H. A. Recent developments in fault location methods for distribution networks. University of Malaya, 2012.
[19] Goudarzi, M., Vahidi, B., Naghizadeh, R. A., Hosseinian, S. H. Improved fault location algorithm for radial distribution systems with discrete and continuous wavelet analysis. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2015; vol. 67, pp. 423−430.
[20] Ghimire, S. Analysis of fault location methods on transmission lines. University of New Orleans, 2014. [En línea]: http://scholarworks.uno.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2842&context=td [21] Jia, K., Thomas, D., Sumner, M. Impedance-based earth fault location for a non-directly grounded distribution systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2012; vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1272−1280.
[22] Chaiwan, P., Kang, N., Liao, Y. New accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines using local measurements. Electric Power Systems Research, 2014; vol. 108, pp. 68−73.
[23] Ramar, K., Low, H. S., Ngu, E. E. One-end impedance based fault location in double-circuit transmission lines with different configurations. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 2015; vol. 64, pp. 1159−1165.
[24] Hussain, S., Osman, A. H. Fault location scheme for multi-terminal transmission lines using unsynchronized measurements. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 2016; vol. 78, 277−284.
[25] Das, S., Santoso, S., Gaikwad, A., Patel, M. Impedance-based fault location in transmission networks: theory and application. IEEE Access, 2014; vol. 2, pp. 537−557.
[26] Das, S., Karnik, N., Santoso, S. Distribution fault-locating algorithms using current only. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2012; vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1144−1153.
[27] Salim, R. H., Salim, K. C. O., Bretas, A. S. Further improvements on impedance-based fault location for power distribution systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2011; vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 467−478.
[28] Ferreira, G. D., Gazzana, D. S., Bretas, A. S., Netto, A. S. A unified impedance-based fault location method for generalized distribution systems. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego 2012; pp. 1−8.
[29] Xiu, W., Liao, Y. Novel fault location methods for ungrounded radial distribution systems using measurements at substation. Electric Power Systems Research, 2014; vol. 106, pp. 95−100.
[30] Gong, Y., Guzmán, A. Integrated fault location system for power distribution feeders. IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC), Milwaukee 2012; pp. B6-1−B6-9.
[31] Krishnathevar, R., Ngu, E. E. Generalized impedance-based fault location for distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2011; vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 449−451.
[32] Dasthti, R., Sadeh, J. Fault section estimation in power distribution network using impedance-based fault distance calculation and frequency spectrum analysis. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2014; vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1406−1417.
[33] Da Cruz, M. C. S., De Almeida, M. A. D., De Medeiros, M. F. A state estimation approach for fault location in transmission lines considering data acquisition errors and non-synchronized records. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2016; vol. 78, pp. 663−671.
[34] Mora-Flórez, J., Meléndez, J., Carrillo-Caicedo, G. Comparison of impedance based fault location methods for power distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 2008; vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 657−666.
[35] Patynowski, D., Cardenas, J., Menendez, D., Zhang, Z. et al. Fault locator approach for high-impedance grounded or ungrounded distribution systems using synchrophasors. 68th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station 2015; pp. 302−310.
[36] Yu, C. S. A discrete Fourier transform-based adaptive mimic phasor estimator for distance relaying applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2006; vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1836−1846.
[37] Mamiş, M. S., Arkan, M. FFT based fault location algorithm for transmission lines. 7th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa 2011; pp. I-71−I-75.
[38] García-Gracia, M., Osal, W., Comech, M. P. Line protection based on the differential equation algorithm using mutual coupling. Electric Power Systems Research, 2007; vol. 77, no. 5−6, pp. 566−573.
[39] García-Gracia, M., El Halabi, N., Montañés, A., Khodr, H. M., Villén, M. Improvement of DEA performance against harmonic distortion. Electric Power Systems Research, 2010; vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 582−591.
[40] Jensen, C. F. Online location of faults on AC cables in underground transmission systems. Springer, 2014. ISBN 978-3-319-05398-1.
[41] Silva, M. D., Coury, D. V., Oleskovicz, M., Segatto, E. C. Combined solution for fault location in three-terminal lines based on wavelet transforms. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2010; vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 94−103.
[42] Sadeh, J., Bakhshizadeh, E., Kazemzadeh, R. A new fault location algorithm for radial distribution systems using modal analysis. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013; vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 271−278.
[43] Zhu, Y., Fan, X. Fault location scheme for multi-terminal transmission line based on current traveling waves. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013; vol. 53, pp. 367−374.
[44] Martínez-Lozano, M., Martínez, J. Clasificación y localización de faltas, utilizando wavelets y redes neurales. Noveno Congreso Hispano-Luso de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Marbella 2005; vol. 1.
[45] Borghetti, A., Bosetti, M., Nucci, C. A., Paolone, M. Integrated use of time-frequency wavelet decompositions for fault location in distribution networks: theory and experimental validation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2010; vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 3139−3146.
[46] Feizifar, B., Haghifam, M. R., Soleymani, S., Jamilazari, A. Fault location in combined overhead line and underground cable distribution network using fault transient mother wavelets. 12th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Wroclaw 2013; pp. 41−45.
[47] Bakar, A. H. A., Ali, M. S., Tan, C., Mokhlis, H., Arof, H., Illias, H. A. High impedance fault location in 11 kV underground distribution systems using wavelet transforms. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 2014; vol. 55, pp. 723−730.
[48] Korkali, M., Lev-Ari, H., Abur, A. Traveling-wave-based fault-location technique for transmission grids via wide-area synchronized voltage measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2011; vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1003−1011.
[49] García-Gracia, M., Montañés, A., El Halabi, N., Comech, M. P. High resistive zero-crossing instant faults detection and location scheme based on wavelet analysis. Electric Power Systems Research, 2012; vol. 92, pp. 138−144.
[50] De Andrade, L., Ponce de Leao, M. T. Fault location for transmission lines using wavelet. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 2014; vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1043−1048.
[51] Fathabadi, H. Two novel proposed discrete wavelet transform and filter based approaches for short-circuit faults detection in power transmission lines. Applied Soft Computing, 2015; vol. 6, pp. 375−382.
[52] Lin, S., He, Z. Y., Li, X. P., Qian, Q. Q. Travelling wave time-frequency characteristic-based fault location method for transmission lines. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2012; vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 764−772.
[53] Nam, S. R., Kang, S. H., Ahn, S. J., Choi, J. H. Single line-to-ground fault location based on unsynchronized phasors in automated ungrounded distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 2012; vol. 86, pp. 151−157.
[54] Costa, F. B. Fault-induced transient detection based on real-time analysis of the wavelet coefficient energy. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2013; vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 140−153.
[55] Costa, F. B., Souza, B. A., Brito, N. S. D. Effects of the fault inception angle in fault-induced transients. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2010; vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 463−471.
[56] Montañés Espinosa, A. Detección y localización de faltas basado en análisis wavelet. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2016.
[57] Costa, F. B., Souza, B. A., Brito, N. S. D, Silva, J. A. C. B. Real-time detection of transients induced by high-impedance faults based on the boundary wavelet transform. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2015; vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 5312−5323.
[58] Bedekar, P. P., Bhide, S. R., Kale, V. S. Fault section estimation in power system using Hebb’s rule and continuous genetic algorithm. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2011; vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 457−465.
[59] Majidi, M., Etezadi-Amoli, M., Sami Fadali, M. A novel method for single and simultaneous fault location in distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2014; vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3368−3376.
[60] Lovisolo, L., Neto, J. A. M., Figueiredo, K., De Laporte, L. M. Location of faults generating short-duration voltage variations in distribution systems regions from records captured at one point and decomposed into damped sinusoids. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2012; vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1225−1234.
[61] Fathabadi, H. Novel filter based ANN approach for short-circuit faults detection, classification and location in power transmission lines. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2016; vol. 74, pp. 374−383.
[62] Hagh, M. T., Razi, K., Taghizadeh, H. Fault classification and location of power transmission lines using artificial neural network. International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC), Singapore 2007; pp. 1109−1114.
[63] Mora-Flórez, J., Cormane-Angarita, J., Ordóñez-Plata, G. k-means algorithm and mixture distributions for locating faults in power systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009; vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 714−721.
[64] Gong, D., Su, X., Wang, T., Ma, P., Yu, W. State dependency probabilistic model for fault localization. Information and Software Technology, 2015; vol. 57, pp. 430−445.
[65] Mokhlis, H., Li, H. Y., Khalid A. R. The application of voltage sags pattern to locate a faulted section in distribution network. International Review of Electrical Engineering, 2010; vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 173−179.
[66] Mokhlis, H., Mohamad, H., Bakar, A. H. A., Li, H. Y. Evaluation of fault location based on voltage sags profiles: a study on the influence of voltage sags patterns. International Review of Electrical Engineering, 2011; vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 874−880.
[67] Mokhlis, H., Mohamad, H., Li, H, Bakar, A. H. A. Voltage sags matching to locate faults for underground distribution networks. Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2011; vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 43−48.
[68] Lotfifard, S., Kezunovic, M., Mousavi, M. J. Voltage sag data utilization for distribution fault location. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2011; vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1239−1246.
[69] Picard, S. D., Adamiak, M. G., Madani, V. Fault location using PMU measurements and wide-area infrastructure. 68th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station 2015; pp. 272−275.
[70] Ren, J., Venkata, S. S., Sortomme, E. An accurate synchrophasor based fault location method for emerging distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2014; vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 297−298.
[71] Salehi-Dobakhshari, A., Ranjbar, A. M. Application of synchronised phasor measurements to wide-area fault diagnosis and location. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2014; vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 716−729.
[72] Jiang, Z., Miao, S., Xu, H., Liu, P., Zhang, B. An effective fault location technique for transmission grids using phasor measurement units. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2012; vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 653−660.
[73] Gazzana, D. S., Ferreira, G. D., Bretas, A. S., Bettiol, A. L., Carniato, A., Passos, L. F. N., Ferreira, A. H., Silva, J. E. M. An integrated technique for fault location and section identification in distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 2014; vol. 115, pp. 65−73.
[74] Ngu, E. E., Ramar, K. A combined impedance and traveling wave based fault location method for multi-terminal transmission lines. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2011; vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1767−1775.
[75] Gafoor Shaik, A., Pulipaka R. R. V. A new wavelet based fault detection, classification and location in transmission lines. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2015; vol. 64, pp. 35−40.
[76] Yadav, A., Swetapadma, A. A single ended directional fault section identifier and fault locator for double circuit transmission lines using combined wavelet and ANN approach. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2015; vol. 69, pp. 27−33.
[77] Koley, E., Kumar, R., Ghosh, S. Low cost microcontroller based fault detector, classifier, zone identifier and locator for transmission lines using wavelet transform and artificial neural network: A hardware co-simulation approach. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 2016; vol. 81, pp. 346−360.
[78] Rafinia, A., Moshtagh, J. A new approach to fault location in three-phase underground distribution system using combination of wavelet analysis with ANN and FLS. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2014; vol. 55, pp. 261−274.
[79] Livani, H., Evrenosoglu, C. Y. A machine learning and wavelet-based fault location method for hybrid transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2013; vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 51−59.
[80] Ray, P., Mishra, D. P. Support vector machine based fault classification and location of a long transmission line. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2016; vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1368−1380.
[81] García Gracia, M., Llombart Estopiñán, A., García García, M. A. Circuitos de parámetros distribuidos: Aplicación a líneas de transporte de energía eléctrica. Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 1996. ISBN 978-84-7733-466-8.
[82] Weeks, W. L., Diao, Y.M. Wave propagation characteristics in underground power cables. IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1984; vol. PAS-103, no. 10, pp. 2816−2826.
[83] Short, T. A. Electric power distribution handbook. 2nd Edition. CRC Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4665-9865-2.
[84] Santo Zarnik, M., Belavic, D. An experimental and numerical study of the humidity effect on the stability of a capacitive ceramic pressure sensor. Radioengineering, 2012; vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 201−206.
[85] Instituto Geográfico Nacional. [En línea]: http://www.ign.es/espmap/mapas_clima_bach/Mapa_clima_07.htm [86] Carson, J. R. Wave propagation in overhead wires with ground return. The Bell System Technical Journal, 1926; vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 539−554.
[87] García Gracia, M. Caracterización electromagnética de dieléctricos en el dominio del tiempo. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Zaragoza, 1995.
[88] Tozzi, M. Partial discharges in power distribution electrical systems: pulse propagation models and detection optimization. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Bologna, 2010.
[89] Peek, F. W. The law of corona and the dielectric strength of air - IV. The mechanism of corona formation and loss. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1927; vol. 46, pp. 1009−1024.
[90] Checa, L. M. Líneas de transporte de energía. 3ª Edición. Marcombo, 2004. ISBN 978-84-267-0684-3.
[91] AREVA, Protecciones de distancia. Guía de aplicación. AREVA T&D IBÉRICA, 2005. ISBN 978-84-609-5621-0.
[92] Annakkage, U. D., McLaren, P. G., Dirks, E., Jayasinghe, R. P., Parker, A. D. A current transformer model based on the Jiles-Atherton theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000; vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 57−61.
[93] Jayasinghe R. P, McLaren, P. G. Transformer core models based on the Jiles- Atherton algorithm. IEEE Conference on Communications, Power and Computing, Winnipeg 1997; pp. 121−125.
[94] Norma UNE-IEC/TR 61000-3-6 “Compatibilidad electromagnética (CEM). Parte 3: Límites. Sección 6: Evaluación de los límites de emisión para las cargas perturbadoras conectadas a las redes de media y alta tensión”. 2006.
[95] Norma UNE-EN 60044-1 “Transformadores de medida. Parte 1: Transformadores de intensidad”. 2000.
[96] Norma UNE-EN 60044-2 “Transformadores de medida. Parte 2: Transformadores de tensión inductivos”. 1999.
[97] Lin, X., Zhao, F., Wu, G., Li, Z., Weng, H. Universal wavefront positioning correction method on traveling-wave-based fault-location algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2012; vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1601−1610.
[98] ARTECHE. [En línea]: http://arteche.com/es/acopladores-plc-bpl [99] Strunz, K., Barsali, S., Styczynski, Z. CIGRE Task Force C6.04.02: Developing benchmark models for integrating distributed energy resources. CIGRE 5th Southern Africa regional conference: study committee C6 colloquium, Cape Town, 2005.
[100] Pack, S., Wamser, Y. Numerical evaluation of lightning stress on high voltage substations. International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST), Budapest 1999.
[101] Polikar, R. The Wavelet Tutorial. [En línea]: http://www.cse.unr.edu/~bebis/CS474/Handouts/WaveletTutorial.pdf [102] Martínez Lozano, M. Análisis y medida de procesos no estacionarios en el dominio tiempo-frecuencia. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2003/2004. [En línea]: http://www.uta.cl/hdiaz/Documents/Aplicacion_2_Localizacion%20_de_Faltas_en_Transmision.pdf [103] Parameswariah, C., Cox, M. Frequency characteristics of wavelets. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2002; vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 800−804.
[104] Sarkar, T. K., Su, C., Adve, R., Salazar-Palma, M. et al. A tutorial on wavelets from an electrical engineering perspective. I. Discrete wavelet techniques. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 1998; vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 49−68.
[105] Shariatinasab, R., Akbari, M., Rahmani, B. Application of wavelet analysis in power systems. Capítulo del libro: “Advances in wavelet theory and their applications in engineering, physics and technology”. InTech, 2012. ISBN 978-953-51-0494-0.
[106] Bruna Romero, J. Algoritmos de análisis multi-resolución para la medida de armónicos y eventos de tensión en sistemas eléctricos. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2015.
[107] Kannan, A. N., Rathinam, A. High impedance fault classification using wavelet transform and artificial neural network. Fourth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Mathura 2012; pp. 831−837.
[108] Da Silva, J. A. C. B., Neves, W. L. A., Costa, F. B., Souza, B. A. High impedance fault location - Case study using wavelet transform and artificial neural networks. International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Stockholm 2013; pp. 1−4.
[109] Baqui, I., Zamora I., Mazón, J., Buigues, G. High impedance fault detection methodology using wavelet transform and artificial neural networks. Electric Power Systems Research, 2011; vol. 81, no. 7, pp. 1325−1333.
[110] Christopoulos, C., Wright, A. Electrical power system protection. 2nd Edition. Springer, 1999. ISBN 978-1-4419-4734-5.
[111] Singh, R. P. Switchgear and power system protection. PHI Learning, 2009. ISBN 978-81-203-3660-5.
[112] Martínez-Velasco, Juan A. Transient analysis of power systems: Solution techniques, tools and applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2015. ISBN 978-1-118-35234-2.
[113] Wavelet Toolbox. MathWorks. MATLAB. 2012.
[114] Costa, F. B., Souza, B. A. Fault-induced transient analysis for real-time fault detection and location in transmission lines. International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST), Delft 2011; pp. 1−6.
[115] ABB, Interruptores de Tanque Vivo. Guía para el comprador [En línea]: https://library.e.abb.com/public/0f38ade79dc8e379c1257b130057b6cf/Guia%20para%20el%20comprador%20Interruptores%20de%20Tanque%20Vivo%20Ed3%20es.pdf [116] Martínez, E., Comech, M. P., Borroy, S., Abad, M. et al. Technologies for the integration of electric vehicles in current electrical power system. Integration of Renewables into the Distribution Grid, CIRED Workshop, Lisbon 2012; pp. 1−4.
[117] Abad, M., Borroy, S., El Halabi, N., García-Gracia, M. et al. New fault location method for up-to-date and upcoming distribution networks. 23rd International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Lyon 2015.
[118] Abad, M., García-Gracia, M., El Halabi, N., López Andía, D. Network impulse response based-on fault location method for fault location in power distribution systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2016; vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 3962−3970.
[119] Barrero González, F. Sistemas de energía eléctrica. Paraninfo, 2004. ISBN 978-84-9732-283-5.
[120] Comech Moreno, M. P., García García, M. A., García Gracia, M. Tecnología eléctrica. Copy Center, 2007. ISBN 978-84-95475-76-3.
