Gabriela de Jesús Arreguín-Rodríguez
RESUMEN El Paleógeno representa un periodo crítico en la historia de la Tierra caracterizado por una intensa variabilidad climática durante un clima cálido (invernadero). La tendencia de calentamiento registrada desde el Paleoceno hasta el Eoceno fue interrumpida por varios eventos de calentamiento extremo llamados hipertermales, definidos principalmente por perturbaciones del ciclo de carbono incluyendo excursiones de los isótopos de carbono y disolución del carbonato en medios profundos. El más extremo de esos eventos fue el Máximo Térmico del Paleoceno-Eoceno (PETM), que causó perturbaciones severas en los foraminíferos bentónicos profundos, incluyendo su mayor extinción del Cenozoico. En consecuencia, se ha cuestionado si estos organismos fueron afectados de forma similar durante los hipertermales de menor magnitud (ocurridos previa y posteriormente a la extinción). Esta Tesis está enfocada en el análisis de foraminíferos bentónicos profundos durante hipertermales de diferente magnitud, con el fin de identificar los factores paleoambientales que controlaron la respuesta de las asociaciones.
La falta de consenso en la taxonomía de los foraminíferos bentónicos del Eoceno temprano dificulta la comparación de estos organismos entre diferentes sondeos/secciones descritos por diferentes autores. En esta Tesis se recopilan por primera vez las especies de foraminíferos bentónicos más comunes del Ypresiense (Eoceno inicial), incorporando datos de 17 sondeos oceánicos distribuidos globalmente. Se sugiere que los taxones más comunes y más abundantes durante el Ypresiense en los Océanos Pacífico, Atlántico e Índico debieron haber sido los más resistentes a continuas perturbaciones ambientales.
Se han estudiado las asociaciones de foraminíferos bentónicos de tres sondeos oceánicos (Sitio DSDP 550, Sitios ODP 865 y 1262) y de una sección terrestre (Caravaca, Sur de España) a lo largo de varios eventos hipertermales del Paleoceno (Dan-C2 y LDE; previos a la extinción) y Eoceno (PETM, ETM2, H2 y ETM3; durante y posteriores a la extinción). En general, los eventos del Paleoceno no tuvieron un mayor impacto en los foraminíferos bentónicos; mientras que los hipertermales menores del Eoceno causaron mayores perturbaciones ambientales, reflejadas en las asociaciones, aunque en menor medida que en el PETM. Dichas perturbaciones incluyen cambios en las condiciones tróficas en el fondo oceánico e incremento de la disolución del carbonato cálcico. Asimismo, se ha evaluado el impacto de la disolución del CaCO3 en la extinción y cambios en los foraminíferos bentónicos durante el PETM. La disolución del carbonato cálcico también afectó a los foraminíferos bentónicos durante los hipertermales menores, pero no representa el umbral crítico en el control de las asociaciones. La magnitud de la excursión en los isótopos de carbono parece correlacionarse significativamente con el descenso en la diversidad de los foraminíferos bentónicos, considerando que dicha magnitud refleja la cantidad de compuestos de carbono liberados al sistema océano-atmósfera, y por lo tanto (aunque no necesariamente de manera linear) la cantidad de calentamiento y disolución. Se sugiere que el calentamiento durante los hipertermales representa dicho umbral crítico, ya que las altas temperaturas pudieron haber causado un descenso en la resiliencia de los foraminíferos bentónicos, y consecuentemente una mayor vulnerabilidad o susceptibilidad a las perturbaciones ambientales asociadas a los hipertermales, tales como cambios en las condiciones tróficas (las mayores temperaturas aumentaron las tasas metabólicas y, consecuentemente, los requerimientos alimenticios de los foraminíferos) y/o disolución del carbonato cálcico.
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