Efectos de rhizoctonia spp. Binucleada y trichoderma harzianum rifai sobre la micorriza de tuber melanosporum vittad

• Autores: Zoila Karina Solis Hidalgo
• Directores de la Tesis: Juan José Barriuso Vargas (dir. tes.), Ana Garcés Claver (dir. tes.)
• Lectura: En la Universidad de Zaragoza ( España ) en 2017
• Idioma: español
• Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Ana María de Miguel Velasco (presid.), Sergio Sánchez Durán (secret.), Xavier Parladé Izquierdo (voc.)
• Materias:
  • Ciencias agrarias
    • Fitopatología
      • Control biológico de enfermedades
      • Hongos
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• Resumen

  • RESUMEN Las trufas son fructificaciones hipogeas comestibles de hongos ectomicorrícicos. De entre todas las trufas, la trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum) destaca por sus características organolépticas que la convierten en una auténtica delicia de la gastronomía europea. T. melanosporum se asocia en simbiosis ectomicorrícica con el huésped, formando sus hifas una envoltura alrededor de los ápices tróficos radiculares de la planta que infecta. El huésped también es susceptible a diversos patógenos como Armillaria mellea. El control de estos patógenos es limitado porque los fungicidas afectarían a T. melanosporum. En trabajos previos realizados en el Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA) sobre el cultivo in vitro de trufas y ectomicorrizas se aisló sistemáticamente el género Rhizoctonia sp., cuyo micelio mostró características similares al descrito para T. melanosporum. También se tenía conocimiento de la capacidad antagónica la cepa T50 de Trichoderma harzianum frente a hongos competidores de la micorrización. Estos hechos suscitaron interrogantes sobre la relación entre Rhizoctonia y T. melanosporum, que en esta tesis se han pretendido dilucidar.

    A través de la identificación de los hongos filamentosos que cohabitan con las ectomicorrizas, las trufas y los suelos truferos se han identificado, con un micelio muy similar al descrito en los años 70 para T. melanosporum, dos aislados ERhiC (Ceratorhiza sp.) y sRKE (Diaporthe sp.) cohabitando en las ectomicorrizas. Ambos aislados resultaron avirulentos para las encinas (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota), con capacidad de crecimiento tanto a pHs ácidos como básicos, mesófilos y compatibles en cultivo dual. Para su seguimiento en las truferas se han desarrollado marcadores moleculares específicos de estos dos aislados. Por otro lado, se ha explorado el uso de 55 aislados de Trichoderma, provenientes de suelos aragoneses truferos, trufa y ectomicorrizas de T. melanosporum, como antagonistas del patógeno A. mellea. La caracterización morfológica y molecular de estos aislados ha permitido identificar 11 especies (T. tomentosum, T. atroviride, T. rossicum, T. pleuroticola, T. virens, T. polysporum, T. hamatum, T. gamsii, T. viridescens, T. koningii y T. harzianum) nativas de los suelos calizos aragoneses. De todos ellos, los aislados T. gamsii, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. atroviride y T. rossicum inhibieron el desarrollo in vitro de A. mellea. Finalmente, se ha valorado el efecto sinérgico de Diaporthe sp. sRKE, Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y T. harzianum T50 en la micorrización artificial de T. melanosporum. Todas las co-inoculaciones superaron el porcentaje de micorrización establecido actualmente (30%) para la certificación de planta micorrizada, llegándose hasta un 70% con la combinación Diaporthe sp. sRKE - T. melanosporum. A pesar de estos avances, persisten incertidumbres sobre la relación de estos hongos con la producción de trufas.

    OBJETIVOS GENERALES La presente tesis doctoral pretende: - La caracterización e identificación de los hongos filamentos con micelio similar al descrito para Tuber melanosporum y de otros hongos que cohabitan en las micorrizas.

    - La evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de un conjunto de aislados de Trichoderma provenientes del habitad de la trufa negra frente al fitopatógeno Armillaria mellea.

    - La determinación del efecto de la co-inoculación de ERhiC Ceratorhiza sp., sRKE Diaporthe sp. y T. harzianum T50 con T. melanosporum en la micorrización de plantas de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota.

    CAPITULO I: Hongos asociados a Tuber melanosporum.

    En los trabajos previos realizados en el grupo de truficultura del CITA, se aisló Rhizoctonia sp. a partir de cultivos de carpóforos y ectomicorrizas de T. melanosporum. Se observó que el micelio del aislado de Rhizoctonia tenía unas características muy similares al descrito previamente para T. melanosporum (Bernal et al., 2011). Estos resultados hicieron pensar, que en la descripción que se hizo de T. melanosporum pudiera haber una mezcla de micelios. En este capítulo se ha pretendido aislar e identificar morfológica y molecularmente este aislado similar a Rhizoctonia. Los resultados obtenidos del aislamiento y la caracterización han permitido identificar dos géneros, Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y Diaporthe sp. sRKE que cohabitan con T. melanosporum en las ectomicorrizas. Además, se han identificado molecularmente 39 aislados fúngicos pertenecientes al hábitat de T. melanosporum. Finalmente, se han desarrollado y validado marcadores moleculares específicos de Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y Diaporthe sp. sRKE. En trabajos futuros se pretende utilizar estos marcadores moleculares como una herramienta para evaluar la relación entre la presencia de estos dos hongos y el nivel productivo de la trufa negra.

    CAPITULO II: Especies del género Trichoderma asociadas a truferas.

    En este capítulo se ha querido profundizar en el conocimiento de los hongos de la especie Trichoderma asociados al hábitat de la trufa en Aragón. La peculiaridad de estos aislados de Trichoderma reside en que son nativos de suelos alcalinos, por tanto, pueden ser capaces de desarrollarse en estos suelos con pH básicos, siendo lo habitual que las especies de Trichoderma prefieran suelos ácidos. Se han aislado, identificado molecularmente y caracterizado morfológicamente 11 especies de Trichoderma. De estas especies, T. harzianum es de la que más aislados han sido recolectados. Por otro lado, dado que es conocida la capacidad de algunos aislados Trichoderma como ACB, se ha querido evaluar el comportamiento antagonista de los aislados identificados previamente frente a A. mellea, un patógeno que afecta y mata a la encina y por tanto, ocasiona grandes pérdidas en la producción de la trufa. Los resultados de los enfrentamientos duales han revelado a T. gamsii, T. hamatum y algunos aislados de T. harzianum como posibles ACB frente al hongo patógeno A. mellea. En trabajos futuros sería recomendable evaluar la capacidad antagonista de estos aislados frente a otros patógenos habituales de las encinas y truferas.

    CAPITULO III: Interacciones de Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC, Diaporthe sp. sRKE y Trichoderma harzianum T50 en la micorrización controlada de Tuber melanosporum en Q. ilex subsp. ballota.

    En este capítulo, las especies aisladas de Diaporthe sp. sRKE y Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y el hongo T. harzianum T50 se co-inocularon con T. melanosporum en el huésped Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota. Se determinó la no patogenicidad de las tres especies de hongos co-inoculados. También se evidenció su efecto positivo en el incremento de la micorrización, alcanzando promedios de hasta 70% de micorrización con Diaporthe sp. sRKE, que superan ampliamente el porcentaje de micorrización aceptado del 30% (Palazón y Barriuso, 2011). Las especies Diaporthe sp. sRKE y Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC se han comportado como endófitas en las ectomicorrizas de T. melanosporum, al igual que T. harzianum T50. Tanto T. melanosporum como los hongos co-inoculados Diaporthe sp. sRKE, Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y T. harzianum T50 pudieron co-habitar en los ápices radiculares de Q. ilex subsp. ballota. En observaciones microscópicas de las ectomicorrizas co-inoculadas se constató la presencia de hifas de Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y Diaporthe sRKE y en cultivo in vitro se re-aislaron éstos hongos y T. harzianum T50 a partir de sus respectivas combinaciones de co-inoculación CONCLUSIONES 1. A partir de ectomicorrizas de Tuber melanosporum en encina (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) se aislaron dos hongos, con micelio similar al descrito previamente para T. melanosporum, que fueron identificados morfológica y molecularmente como Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC (teleomorfo Ceratobasidium sp.) y como Diaporthe sp. sRKE.

    2. También, a partir de ectomicorrizas de T. melanosporum se han obtenido e identificado molecularmente 39 aislados pertenecientes a 15 géneros de hongos.

    3. Se han desarrollado y validado marcadores moleculares específicos para Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y Diaporthe sp. sRKE, utilizables en futuros proyectos como una herramienta de evaluación de la relación entre la presencia de estos hongos y la producción de la trufa negra.

    4. Se han caracterizado e identificado hasta 11 especies de Trichoderma pertenecientes al nicho de la trufa negra de Aragón (suelos alcalinos): T. tomentosum, T. atroviride, T. rossicum, T. pleuroticola, T. virens, T. polysporum, T. hamatum, T. gamsii, T. viridescens, T. koningii y T. harzianum.

    5. Trichoderma harzianum resultó ser mayoritaria dentro de las especies de Trichoderma, incluyendo 17 aislados que mostraron variabilidad en su crecimiento en función de la temperatura y del pH.

    6. Las 11 especies de Trichoderma son una fuente potencial de uso para un eventual control biológico de patógenos de las zonas truferas de Aragón.

    7. Los resultados de los enfrentamientos in vitro duales han revelado a T. gamsii D3.1, T. hamatum D2, T. rossicum BL8, T. atroviride TC y algunos aislados de T. harzianum como posibles ACB frente al hongo patógeno A. mellea.

    8. Ninguna de las tres especies de hongos aisladas, Diaporthe sp. sRKE, Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y T. harzianum T50, resultaron patógenas de Q. ilex subsp. ballota.

    9. Las co-inoculaciones con T. melanosporum tuvieron un incremento significativamente mayor en la micorrización, alcanzando promedios del 70% con Diaporthe sp. sRKE, 52% con Ceratorhiza ERhiC y el 58% con T. harzianum T50.

    10. En las co-inoculaciones de T. melanosporum con T. harzianum T50 y Diaporthe sp. sRKE se observó un incremento de la longitud de la raíz principal y las encinas co-inoculadas con T. harzianum T50 mostraron una mayor altura.

    11. Se ha demostrado el carácter endófito de las especies Diaporthe sp. sRKE, Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC y T. harzianum T50 en las ectomicorrizas de T. melanosporum, cohabitando en los ápices radiculares de Q. ilex subsp. ballota.

    12. En este trabajo se ha determinado el efecto sinérgico de Diaporthe sp. sRKE y Ceratorhiza sp. ERhiC, pertenecientes al “cortejo fúngico” de la rizosfera de ectomicorrizas, sobre la micorrización de T. melanosporum. La asociación de estos tres hongos podría formar una barrera física que obstaculiza la colonización de otros hongos en la raíz, lo que fomentaría la micorrización de T. melanosporum. Esta podría ser una ventaja adaptativa, hasta ahora desconocida.

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