Respuesta de la producción al riesgo en almendro: riego deficitario y función de producción
- Autores: Manuel López López
- Directores de la Tesis: Elías Fereres Castiel (dir. tes.), Francisco Orgaz Rosúa (codir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Córdoba (ESP) ( España ) en 2018
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Joan Girona Gomis (presid.), Emilio Camacho Poyato (secret.), Simona Consoli (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Agraria, Alimentaria, Forestal y del Desarrollo Rural Sostenible por la Universidad de Córdoba y la Universidad de Sevilla
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Tesis en acceso abierto en: Helvia
- Resumen
RESUMEN DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL DE D./Dª Manuel López López Summary 1. Introduction Almond is becoming a very extended tree crop in Spain, due to good prices in the last years and likewise good market perspectives. A fast intensification process is taking place; new plantations (of which the acreage has doubled from 2014 to 2016) have nothing to do with the traditionally marginal rainfed crop producing around 150 kg/ha. Instead, taking after the Californian scheme, some of them are sited in deep and fertile soils, receive much less pruning and more inputs for nutrition and crop protection, and are usually irrigated. However, water availability is lower here in Spain than in California or Australia, where irrigation allocation for almond is about 12,000 m3·ha-1. On the other hand, rainfall is somewhat higher in Spain. In addition, breeding programs have led to self-fertile and hard-shelled cultivars in Spain whereas self-incompatible and soft-shelled ones, such as Nonpareil, are more common in California. All these differences have generated a need for information about irrigation requirements of intensive almond orchards in our conditions.
2. Research content In the present thesis, first, maximum crop transpiration (T) was measured by both a large weighing lysimeter and calibrated sap-flow probes, concluding that mid-stage transpiration coefficient (KT) of a fully mature almond orchard (covering 85% of soil) should be around 1.04, but could be affected by high fruit loads. Measuring transpiration instead of evapotranspiration (ET) made our findings more easily transferable throughout different conditions, despite different irrigation management alternatives (for instance, one or two drip lines, or microsprinklers; the three of them presenting different soil wetting patterns). Then, we conducted water balance (WB) measurements on both fully and deficit irrigated (DI) almond four-trees-subplots, to get a relation between irrigation (IR) regimes and actual water use (ETa). Evaporation from soil (ES) was modelled and detracted from evapotranspiration to calculate transpiration values. This method was compared to direct transpiration estimates from sap-flow.
3. Conclusions Almonds were found able to consume up to 200 mm from the soil reservoir and to extract water from deeper than 2 meters. Finally, kernel yield and its components (fruit load and kernel unit weight) were related to all three, irrigation, evapotranspiration, and transpiration, thus establishing the water production functions for almond. Irrigation water marginal productivity (IWMP) ranged from 0.33 kg·m-3 in the most severe DI treatment to 0.11 kg·m-3 in the full irrigated treatment.
Resumen 1. Introducción El almendro se está convirtiendo en un cultivo leñoso muy extendido en España, debido a los buenos precios en los últimos años y a las buenas perspectivas de mercado. Está teniendo lugar un rápido proceso de intensificación: las nuevas plantaciones (cuya superficie se duplicó entre 2014 y 2016) no tienen nada que ver con el cultivo tradicional, marginal, en secano y con rendimientos de unos 150 kg/ha. En cambio, siguiendo el esquema de California, estas nuevas plantaciones intensivas reciben mucha menos poda y más insumos tanto fertilizantes como fitosanitarios, están generalmente en riego y la mayoría se encuentran en suelos profundos y fértiles. Sin embargo, la disponibilidad de agua de riego es más baja aquí en España que en California o Australia, donde la dotación de riego para el almendro es de aproximadamente 12.000 m3·ha-1. Por otro lado, las precipitaciones son más altas en España. Además, los programas de mejora genética han llevado en España a variedades autocompatibles y autofértiles, y de cáscara dura, mientras que en California se han preferido los cultivares auto-incompatibles y de cáscara blanda como Nonpareil. Estas diferencias han generado una necesidad de información sobre las necesidades de riego de las plantaciones intensivas de almendro en nuestras condiciones.
2. Contenido de la investigación En primer lugar, la transpiración máxima del cultivo se midió con un lisímetro de pesada y con sondas de flujo de savia calibradas. Se concluyó que el coeficiente de transpiración máximo de una plantación de almendros en plena producción (con un porcentaje de cobertura de suelo del 85%) debería rondar 1,04, pero podría verse afectado por niveles altos de carga. Medir la transpiración en lugar de la evapotranspiración hace que nuestros hallazgos puedan ser más fácilmente transferibles a diferentes condiciones, a pesar de las diferentes alternativas de manejo del riego (por ejemplo, una o dos líneas de goteo o microaspersores, cada uno con un distinto patrón de mojado del suelo). Posteriormente, se hicieron medidas de balance de agua en 16 subparcelas de 4 árboles, donde se aplicaron un tratamiento de riego para satisfacer el total de las necesidades hídricas y tres tratamientos de riego deficitario, a fin de establecer una relación entre los regímenes de riego y el uso consuntivo de agua. La evaporación del suelo se modeló y se restó de la evapotranspiración para obtener la transpiración de los árboles. Esta metodología se contrastó con medidas directas de transpiración con sensores de flujo de savia.
3. Conclusiones Se comprobó que los almendros pueden consumir hasta 200 mm del depósito del suelo y extraer agua a más de 2 metros de profundidad. Finalmente, se hallaron relaciones entre el rendimiento y sus componentes (carga de fruta y peso unitario del grano) y riego, evapotranspiración y transpiración, respectivamente, estableciendo así la función de producción de agua del almendro. La productividad marginal del agua de riego fue de 0.33 kg·m-3 en el tratamiento de riego deficitario más estresado a 0.11 kg·m-3 en el tratamiento control.
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