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Resumen de Periodization of apnea training

Francisco de Asis Fernández Martínez

  • Introducción. Tras la ruptura de la respiración, comienzan a producirse una sucesión de procesos encaminados a adaptar el organismo a la heterostasis provocada. Los diferente factores de rendimiento de la "Apnea Indoor" (apnea estática y apnea dinámica, con y sin aletas) han sido estudiados con anterioridad. En esta Tesis doctoral se estudia el grado de correlación existente entre algunos de los factores de rendimiento de la Apnea Indoor - almacenaje total de O2/CO2, metabolismo basal y tolerancia a la asfixia - con el rendimiento específico de la misma. Además, se analizan los posibles beneficios sobre el rendimiento en Apnea Indoor que otorga el entrenamiento periodizado, por un lado, y la inclusión de cargas físicas por el otro.

    Contenido de la Investigación. Veintinueve apneístas masculinos (36±5.07 años, IMC 22.8±1.43) con 1.09±0.66 años de experiencia en la Apnea Indoor fueron divididos en dos grupos de entrenamiento periodizado - entrenamiento cruzado (EC; n=10) y entrenamiento en apnea tradicional (EAT; n=9) - y un grupo control (GC; n=10). El programa de entrenamiento implantado, para los dos grupos de entrenamiento periodizado, fue de veintidós semanas de duración con microciclos semanales de tres sesiones de entrenamiento de noventa minutos. Con el fin de conocer el grado de correlación existente entre los factores del rendimiento de la Apnea Indoor con el rendimiento específico de la misma, así como las adaptaciones logradas por los diferentes grupos de entrenamiento, se realizaron una serie de test antes y después de los programas de entrenamiento.

    Los resultados muestran una correlación entre el rendimiento en la Apnea Indoor y la altura (r = 0.491), la capacidad vital (r = 0.539), volemia (r = 0.466), frecuencia mínima alcanzada durante la anea estática en seco (r = - 0.624), la masa magra corporal (r = 0.406) y la SpO2 mínima alcanzada durante la apnea estática en seco (r = - 0.485).

    Tras la intervención de los entrenamientos, los apneístas del grupo control mejoraron su rendimiento en Apnea Indoor en un 4.6 %, mientras que el grupo de EC y EEA mejoraron en un 30.3 % y 27 % respectivamente. Las mejoras producidas sobre el rendimiento en Apnea Indoor tras ambos entrenamientos periodizados - EC y EEA - fueron similares, no obstante mientras que la apnea estática mejora mas en el grupo de EEA, las disciplinas dinámicas obtienen mejores resultados tras el EC.

    Conclusiones. En apneístas de nivel medio, los factores de rendimiento más determinantes de la Apnea Indoor, son: el almacenaje total de O2/CO2 en el organismo y la capacidad física/mental individual del apneísta para soportar las condiciones extremas de hipoxia e hipercapnia. Por otra parte, los resultados ponen de manifiesto la considerable mejora producida sobre el rendimiento en la Apnea Indoor a través de la inclusión de un sistema de entrenamiento periodizado en objetivos y contenidos a medio y largo plazo; además, la inclusión de cargas físicas asociadas al entrenamiento de apnea, incrementa el rendimiento en las disciplinas dinámicas - DYN y DNF, respecto a un entrenamiento de apnea exclusivo y aislado.

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