Evolución y contraste del conocimiento etnofarmacológico (tradicional de plantas y usos medicinales) con perspectiva histórica en Marruecos oriental y Andalucía oriental: usando como base el tratado de los simples de ibn al-Baytar del siglo XIII

• Autores: Asmaa El Gharbaoui
• Directores de la Tesis: Joaquín Molero Mesa (dir. tes.)
• Lectura: En la Universidad de Granada ( España ) en 2017
• Idioma: español
• Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Manuel Casares Porcel (presid.), Consuelo Díaz de la Guardia Guerrero (secret.), Alfredo Asensi Marfil (voc.), Blanca Díez Garretas (voc.), Paloma Cantó Ramos (voc.)
• Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Biología Fundamental y de Sistemas por la Universidad de Granada
• Materias:
  • Antropología
    • Antropología cultural
      • Medicina tradicional
• Enlaces
  • Tesis en acceso abierto en: DIGIBUG
• Resumen

  • Tesis doctoral: Evolución y contraste del conocimiento etnofarmacológico (tradicional de plantas y usos medicinales) con perspectiva histórica en Marruecos oriental y Andalucía oriental, usando como base El Tratado de los Simples de Ibn al-Baytar del siglo XIII Introducción La transmisión de los conocimientos tradicionales en el tiempo y en los territorios relacionados cultural e históricamente es un tema importante en la etnofarmacología. En la presente Tesis Doctoral contribuimos a este conocimiento analizando datos sobre usos medicinales en dos zonas vecinas del Mediterráneo occidental, Marruecos Oriental y Andalucía Oriental, en relación con un texto histórico que apenas se ha mencionado en estudios históricos a pesar de su interés, Kitab al-Yami' li-mufradat al-adwiya wa-l-aghdiya, el Tratado de los Simples, de Ibn al-Baytar.

    Al realizar el contraste hemos querido incluir otros tratados clásicos de medicina, en particular la obra Materia Medica de Dioscórides en su versión española comentada de Andrés de Laguna (1555), que aporta datos de usos desde el siglo I (cuando originalmente se escribió el manuscrito) y del siglo XVI, cuando Laguna realizó la traducción e incluyó sus comentarios. También hemos utilizado la obra de siglo XVIII Flora Española, iniciada por Quer y continuada por Gómez Ortega (1784), que aporta asimismo buena información sobre el uso de plantas en este siglo.

    De esta forma, los objetivos marcados en el desarrollo del trabajo han sido: 1. Efectuar una investigación etnobotánica, de campo y bibliográfica, en la zona oriental de Marruecos, que carece de una extensa bibliografía al respecto, obteniendo datos sobre el uso tradicional de plantas medicinales desde la perspectiva no académica, usando técnicas específicas detalladas en la metodología.

    2. Confrontar los datos obtenidos entre la zona de estudio de Marruecos, la parte oriental, y territorios vecinos de Andalucía oriental. Pretendemos saber qué usos y plantas son compartidos y cuales son diferenciales, a la vez que intentar comprender si hay alguna causa específica para ello.

    3. Realizar un contraste de los usos recopilados para Marruecos a lo largo del tiempo mediante el análisis de los tres textos clásicos mencionados, especialmente el compendio de Ibn al-Baytar. De este modo intentamos acercarnos a saber qué usos están mejor conservados y cuáles han sido incorporados más recientemente. Dado que hemos realizado un contraste territorial con Andalucía, este objetivo se extiende a un contraste temporal también para los datos obtenidos en este territorio.

    4. Establecer las coincidencias y diferencias en las plantas usadas en la actualidad en ambos territorios y comprobar si su utilización es semejante o hasta qué punto difieren.

    Metodología Para la recolección de datos, se realizó una investigación de campo etnobotánica en la parte oriental de Marruecos, realizando entrevista a personas seleccionadas (informantes), en función de edad, reconocimiento y uso de especies vegetales y atendiendo a la reputación entre los convecinos de su saber etnobotánico. Asimismo se realizaron catálogos de especies y usos en los comercios de las poblaciones (herbolarios), que complementaron la información previamente obtenida. Se registraron así los usos medicinales actuales de las especies de la región. Por otro lado, se ha revisado sistemáticamente la literatura etnobotánica de la zona de trabajo y de la parte oriental de Andalucía, desarrollándose una base de datos que recoge todas las referencias. Se ha investigado el posible vínculo histórico de los usos compartidos e incluimos en esta base de datos la información del Compendio de Ibn al-Baytar, de Materia Medica de Dioscórides y de Flora Española. Para comparar la similitud y diversidad de los datos, se utilizó el índice de similitud de Jaccard.

    Conclusiones Se ha realizado un catálogo de 147 especies con usos medicinales a partir de los datos obtenidos del Tratado de los simples y su uso actual en el oriente marroquí. Pertenecen a 67 familias botánicas, en el conjunto de las tres fuentes principales de esta investigación: Ibn al-Baytar, Marruecos y Andalucía.

    El análisis comparativo de los usos para las 147 plantas entre estas tres fuentes dio como resultado un conjunto de 93 especies medicinales mencionadas en común, con 156 diferentes usos, sirviendo para tratar 14 grupos patológicos diferentes. Del total de usos registrados en Marruecos, el 43,7% eran compartidos con Andalucía oriental y el 42% se encuentran en el Compendio de Ibn al-Baytar. Por otro lado, las coincidencias entre usos actuales en Andalucía oriental y las relacionadas en el Compendio son menores, 28%.

    Las familias botánicas con mayor número de especies coincidentes han sido respectivamente, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae y Rosaceae.

    También, al comparar los usos de las especies por grupos patológicos entre todas las fuentes, se ha observado una mayor similitud para el aparato digestivo, piel y faneras, problemas inespecíficos, el respiratorio y el urinario entre todas las fuentes de nuestra investigación.

    La coincidencia del conocimiento etnobotánico actual en los dos territorios, para las 147 especies, es alta. Probablemente se debe al legado histórico compartido. Los intercambios recientes, el flujo de información y la influencia de los textos históricos han incidido en esta coincidencia. En este sentido, hay una alta superposición de uso de plantas entre el texto de Ibn al-Baytar y ambos territorios: casi la mitad de los usos actualmente compartidos por el Este de Marruecos y la parte oriental de Andalucía fueron incluidos en el Compendio y están relacionados con este período de la medicina islámica, indicando un alto nivel de conservación en el conocimiento del uso de la planta.

    El estudio de las 147 especies sugiere que este Tratado clásico, que incluye un alto número de plantas (cerca de 1500) y usos medicinales, constituye una valiosa fuente bibliográfica para comparar las aplicaciones antiguas y modernas de las plantas.

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