More Than Men, Less Than Gods is conceived as a demonstration project, with the goal of opening new perspectives in the study of Graeco-Roman ruler worship. A principal emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach to the subject. The present volume points to some possible forerunners to Hellenistic royal cult and emperor worship, or at least to the concept of the divine king, to supplement the well-studied roots of ruler worship in the cultic life of the Greek polis and in pharaonic Egypt. More than Men... aspires to contribute to the debate relative to divine kingship, royal cult and emperor worship by opening new perspectives or reopening old ones. The focus is in eliciting some audacious and innovative approaches to such a complex phenomenon. All questions are not raised and certainly most of them are not answered here. In abandoning the sterile opposition between "political" and "religious", the volume's perspective transcends established notions conditioned by the Judeo-Christian model of western societies and scholarship, to consider the problem under different perspectives: there is no need to oppose "Greek" vs. "oriental", "rational" vs. "emotional" to understand the birth of the phenomenon. The diversity of approaches draws attention to the variety of sources that provide evidence relating to ruler worship, or that can enhance our understanding of the broader phenomenon of the divinization of powerful men. These include myth and historical accounts preserved by ancient authors; dedicatory inscriptions; clay tablets; papyri; architectural decoration and other archaeological remains; statuary, cameos, gems and various minor arts; seal impressions; and coins.
Le culte des souverains aux époques hellénistiques et impériale dans le partie orientale du monde méditerranéen: questions actuelles
págs. 1-14
"By the favor of Auramazda": kingship and the divine in the early Achaemenid period
págs. 15-104
Identities of the indigenous coinages of Palestine under Achaemenid rule: the Dissemination of the Image of the Great King
págs. 105-119
págs. 121-155
págs. 157-195
Never Mind the Bullocks: Taurine Imagery as a Multicultural Expression of Royal and Divine Power under Seleukos I Nikator
págs. 197-228
Apollo Toxotes and the Seleukids: Comme un air de famille
págs. 229-291
Theos Aigiochos: the Aegis in Ptolemaic Portraits of Divine Rulers
págs. 293-356
págs. 357-388
págs. 389-415
págs. 417-455
págs. 457-473
The Creation of Imperial Gods: Not only Imposition versus Spontaneity
págs. 475-519
págs. 521-551
págs. 553-592
Le culte impérial en Phénicie: culte civique ou culte provincial?
págs. 593-618
Celebrating Supermen: Divine Honors for Roman Emperors in Greek Papyri from Egypt
págs. 619-647
págs. 649-690
More than Men, Less than Gods: Concluding Thoughts and New Perspectives
págs. 691-710
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