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Table of contents: Introductions Textured Spatiality and Frozen Chaos by Jacques Lucan Depicting an Architecture by Raphael Zuber In Favour of a Reductive Architecture by Moisés Puente Ambivalent Systems: On the Formation of Valerio Olgiati's Design by Pascal Flammer with David Zumstein Works and Projects Kucher House, Rottenburg am Neckar Plan for the Cuncas area, Sils im Engadin Redevelopment of the Souk of Beirut School, Paspels The Lake Cauma Project, Flims Three condominiums, Chur Das gelbe Haus, Flims House in Sari dOrcino, Corsica Office building, Zurich K + N House, Wollerau Swiss National Park Visitors Centre, Zernez Structural report: University of Lucerne by Patrick Gartmann University of Lucerne Gornergrat Visitors Center, Zermatt Learning Centre, EPFL, Lausanne National Palace Museum, Taipei Ardia Palace, Tirana Biography nexus Iconographic Autobiography by Valerio Olgiati |
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Índice de contenidos: Introducciones Espacialidad texturada y caos petrificado por Jacques Lucan Representar una arquitectura por Raphael Zuber Por una arquitectura reductiva por Moisés Puente Sistemas ambivalentes: sobre la formación del proyecto de Valerio Olgiati por Pascal Flammer con David Zumstein Obras y Proyectos Casa Kucher, Rottenburg am Neckar Plan para la zona de Cuncas, Sils im Engadin Reurbanización del zoco de Beirut Escuela, Paspels Proyecto del Lago Cauma, Flims Edificio de tres viviendas, Chur Das gelbe Haus, Flims Casa en Sari dOrcino, Corsica Edificio de oficinas, Zurich Casa K + N, Wollerau Centro de visitantes del Parque Nacional Suizo, Zernez Memoria estructural: Universidad de Lucerna por Patrick Gartmann Universidad de Lucerna Centro de visitantes Gornergrat, Zermatt Centro docente, EPFL, Lausanne Museo del Palacio Nacional, Taipei Ardia Palace, Tirana Biografía nexus Autobiografía iconográfica por Valerio Olgiati |
For years now, Swiss architecture has been grabbing international attention not only for the high general level of its buildings but for a few great names. Aside from the megastudio of Herzog and de Meuron, which builds on all five continents, Switzerland has an extensive network of small studios with a modest work that, as in the case of Peter Zumthor and Peter Märkli, have crossed the frontier and become known the world over for the care, beauty and precision of their buildings. Valerio Olgiati's work would belong to this genealogy of the patient, well-made body of work.
Valerio Olgiati became known through the school in Paspels and, a little later, through the radical reconstruction of Das Gelbe Haus -two small buildings in villages in the Swiss canton of Grisons that appeared in all the main international magazines (a+u, Baumeister, AA Files, etc.). The radical nature of his approach and the perfect execution of clear and concise ideas have enabled his work to exude a special intensity and to stand out within the new crop of Swiss architecture.
La arquitectura suiza lleva varios años acaparando la atención internacional, no sólo por el alto nivel medio de sus obras, sino por algunos grandes personajes. Aparte del megaestudio de Herzog and de Meuron, que construye en los cinco continentes, Suiza dispone de una extensa red de pequeños estudios con obra modesta que, como en los casos de Peter Zumthor y Peter Märkli, han traspasado las fronteras para ser conocidos en todo el mundo por el cuidado, pulcritud y exactitud de sus obras. La obra de Valerio Olgiati se enmarcaría dentro de esta genealogía del trabajo paciente y bien hecho.
Valerio Olgiati se dio a conocer con la escuela de Paspels y, poco más tarde, con la reconstrucción radical de Das Gelbe Haus, dos pequeñas obras ubicadas en aldeas del cantón suizo de los Grisones que aparecieron en todas las publicaciones internacionales importantes (a+u, Baumeister, AA Files, etc.). La radicalidad de sus planteamientos y la perfecta ejecución de ideas claras y concisas hacen que la obra de Valerio Olgiati constituya un caso excepcional dentro de la nueva hornada de arquitectura suiza por la especial intensidad que destilan sus obras.
| Texto de la primera introducción: Espacialidad texturada y caos petrificado Jacques Lucan El primer edificio importante que construyó Valerio Olgiati obtuvo un reconocimiento inmediato. Para que eso fuera posible tenía que ser un edificio radical. Efectivamente, en Suiza, la década de 1990 nos había acostumbrado a lo que Martin Steinmann ha denominado formes fortes (formas fuertes). No cabe la menor duda de que la escuela de Paspels es una forme forte. En un primer vistazo parece un monolito de hormigón con una geometría sencilla, un paralelepípedo de base cuadrada con una cubierta en pendiente. Su forma es poco atractiva, como si hubiese sido tallada toscamente, sin ninguna afectación. Ahora bien, si la percepción del edificio se limitara a este hecho podríamos llegar a la conclusión de que el arquitecto ha querido sorprendernos y trastornarnos, que ha querido impresionarnos mediante un gesto potente que pretende confrontarse con las montañas de los alrededores, en un emplazamiento magnífico. A fin de cuentas, la comprensión del edificio se realizaría a paso rápido, y luego proseguiríamos nuestro camino. Experiencia perceptiva Sin embargo, el aspecto poco atractivo del edificio nos detiene, nos retiene y, en cierto modo, nos obliga a demorarnos. ¿Por qué el arquitecto ha elegido esta fuerza expresiva que roza la violencia? ¿Por qué, a pesar de tratarse de una forma sencilla, hay tantas irregularidades? ¿Por qué las ventanas, que son los únicos acontecimientos del volumen, adoptan una disposición desfasada, como si estuvieran animadas por un movimiento de rotación? ¿Por qué los marcos de algunas de ellas están retranqueados, mientras que otros están enrasados? ¿Por qué algunas ventanas son horizontales, mientras que otras son más pequeñas y se aproximan a las proporciones del cuadrado? Planteo esta serie de preguntas porque el edificio no revela de inmediato la regla que ha presidido la disposición de los escasos elementos que percibimos y, sin embargo, deja presentir que esa regla existe, puesto que de una fachada a otra se dibujan ciertos ritmos, se arrastra un movimiento, se repiten ciertas oposiciones, se declinan ciertas figuras. ¿Cuál es la regla? Volvamos a la dimensión monolítica del edificio. Pertenece a la categoría de lo que Robert Morris llamó formas unitarias, es decir, poliedros que parecen estar desprovistos de líneas de fractura a partir de las cuales podrían dividirse y permitir, de ese modo, que se establezcan fácilmente unas relaciones de unas partes con otras. Desde esta óptica, la escuela de Paspels debe aprehenderse como un todo, un todo tanto más divisible cuanto que ninguna junta señala una eventual partición, ningún eje general de simetría divide el volumen. Los huecos ya no quedan inscritos dentro de una partición regular. Concretamente, como si su posición dependiese de una razón por el momento oculta, no quedan inscritas en la malla de las marcas de los encofrados de los muros de hormigón, lo que produce el efecto, claro está, de que incrementan todavía más el carácter monolítico de la escuela, puesto que la malla de las marcas de los encofrados no se ve afectada por los huecos. Así, los desfases, siempre un poco distintos unos de otros, parecen estorbar ante cualquier posible regularidad del conjunto. Además, frente a una mirada siempre atenta y lenta, las cuatro esquinas del edificio no parecen rectas, sino ligeramente agudas u obtusas. Estas deformaciones hacen que el volumen ya no sea un cubo. Finalmente, cabe señalar que las diferencias, los desfases o las deformaciones, aunque muy visibles, son suaves, no quedan marcados con fuerza. No estamos educados para percibir estas problemáticas de estabilidad y equilibrio, puesto que eran unas problemáticas propias de la arquitectura moderna en su tensión pintoresca. A fin de cuentas, la escuela de Paspels propone una experiencia perceptiva. Nos invita a dar la vuelta en torno a ella como quien da la vuelta alrededor de un tótem, mirando cada una de sus caras, sin que podamos detenernos en un punto de vista que pueda ser considerado como el ideal, es decir, a partir del cual podríamos entender el edificio en su totalidad. La paradoja ha sido planteada de tal modo que a Valerio Olgiati le gustará ponerla en práctica en otras ocasiones: instalar un edificio monolítico y estático cuyas irregularidades no hacen más que acentuar su cohesión y su carácter unitario y que, para poder percibirlo y comprenderlo, obliga al movimiento, al desplazamiento, a dar la vuelta a su alrededor, a multiplicar los puntos de vista, de modo que ninguno de ellos posea un valor más determinante que los demás. Esta experiencia es específicamente fenomenológica, en el sentido como lo entendía Maurice Merleau-Ponty: La cosa percibida no es una unidad ideal poseída por la inteligencia, como, por ejemplo, una noción geométrica. Es una totalidad abierta al horizonte de un número infinito de visiones perspectivas que se recortan según cierto estilo, un estilo que define el objeto en cuestión. A partir de ahí, podemos comprender por qué la escuela de Paspels entra en resonancia con ciertas instalaciones de algunos artistas minimalistas. Espacialidad texturada Vayamos más allá, hasta el problema del estilo del edificio. Para hacerlo es necesario entrar dentro del monolito, comprender su espacialidad, puesto que, ciertamente, dicha espacialidad es la que nos revelará los motivos de las deformaciones y las irregularidades que advertimos previamente. Cada una de las dos plantas de aulas escenifica una oposición entre, por una parte, el espacio colectivo, que adopta la forma de una cruz con los brazos dislocados, de modo que el brazo que contiene la escalera es mucho más ancho que los otros tres; y, por otra, tres aulas de superficie prácticamente igual, rectangulares. De una planta a la siguiente, la disposición general de las aulas sufre una rotación de 180 grados. Todos los espacios colectivos en forma de cruz quedan contenidos dentro de unos muros de hormigón en bruto. Las aulas disponen de unos paramentos -muros, suelos, techos- revestidos de madera. Cada aula dispone de una ventana corrida que se extiende por uno de sus lados mayores. Cada uno de los brazos estrechos de los espacios colectivos en cruz tiene una ventana de dimensiones reducidas, mientras que los brazos más anchos tienen una ventana corrida. Cabe señalar también que las ventanas de las aulas están retranqueadas respecto a la superficie exterior del volumen de la escuela, mientras que las ventanas de los espacios colectivos están situadas en el mismo plano de esta superficie. ¿Podemos afirmar que este proceso irreversible es automático? |
| Text from the first introduction: Textured Spatiality and Frozen Chaos Jacques Lucan The first important building by Valerio Olgiati brought him immediate fame. For this to happen it had to be radical, since in Switzerland we were accustomed in the 1990s to formes fortes (strong shapes), as Martin Steinmann called them. There is no doubt that Paspels School has a forme forte. The first impression is of a reinforced concrete monolith that is geometrically simple, a parallelepiped with a square base and a sloping roof. It is a forbidding object, since it is brutally carved out without affectation. If we saw only this we could conclude that the architect wanted to shake us up, to shock us with a powerful gesture which tries to challenge the surrounding mountains in this magnificent location. We would understand quickly and then go on our way. Perceptual experience However, the buildings forbidding appearance stops, holds back and detains us in a way. Why did the architect choose this strength of expression bordering on violence? Why, instead of a simple form, many irregularities? So why are the windows, the volumes only events, staggered as if driven in a rotating movement? Why are some window frames set back while others are flush with the surface? Why are some horizontal, and others smaller and almost square? I ask this set of questions because, while the building does not immediately reveal the rule governing the arrangement of visible elements, nevertheless it suggests that a rule exists -from one facade to another rhythms take shape, a movement starts, contrasts are repeated, patterns appear. What is the rule? Let us return to the buildings monolithic character. It belongs to the category Robert Morris called unitary forms, polyhedrons that seem to fail to present lines of fracture by which they could divide for easy part-to-part relationships to be established. From this perspective Paspels School should be understood as a whole, an entity so indivisible that no joint shows a possible separation, nor does any axis of symmetry divide the volume. Openings are not set out at all regularly; in particular, as if they are located for a reason which is at present hidden, they do not fit into the grid of the reinforced-concrete formwork. This has the effect of giving the school an even more monolithic character, with the pattern of formwork unaffected by the openings. The intervals between openings always vary slightly, so they seem to disturb the regularity of the complex. Moreover, by looking slowly and carefully we see that the four corners of the building seem not to be right angles, but are slightly acute or obtuse. These deformations mean that the volume is not a cube. Although the differences, intervals and deformations are visible, they are slight and not very distinct. Because of this we are not trained in these problems of stability and balance, issues to which we have accustomed modern architecture in its picturesque tension. In the end Paspels School offers a perceptual experience. It invites us to circle round as if around a totem pole, looking at each facade, but there is no ideal position where we can stop, no viewpoint from which we can understand the building in its entirety. So it is a paradox, one which Valerio Olgiati likes to present elsewhere: to create a monolithic and static building with irregularities that just emphasise its unified and harmonious character and which, being visible and understandable, make us move, change position, circle round, and increase the number of viewpoints, none of which is more important than the others. This experience is really phenomenological, in the sense used by Maurice Merleau-Ponty himself: The perceived thing is not an ideal unity possessed by intelligence, like a geometric concept for example; rather it is an entity open to the perspective of an undefined number of views which tally according to a certain style, style that defined the object concerned. From now on we can understand why Paspels School resonates with certain installations by minimalist artists. Textured spatiality We will delve further into the style of the building. To do this we must enter the monolith, we have to understand the space, because that will certainly give us the reasons for the distortions and irregularities we have already noted. The two storeys of classrooms represent an opposition between a communal space, in the shape of a crooked cross with one arm containing the staircase considerably larger than the other three, and three classrooms that are roughly rectangular and equal in size. From one storey to the other there is a rotation of ninety degrees in the general position of the classrooms. The communal spaces in the cross have exposed concrete finishes; classrooms-walls, floors, ceilings-are lined with wood. Each classroom has a long window stretched along one of its sides; all narrow arms of the communal spaces have small windows, while the larger arms of the cross have a long window. Moreover, classroom windows are set back in relation to the schools exterior surface, whereas windows of communal areas are flush with that surface. This description is like setting out some of the rules the different components of the school submit to, regulations that produce very strong contrasts of atmosphere, particularly between the communal spaces in grey concrete and the panelled classrooms. But these rules are not enough to account for the spatiality of the building. We must return to the deformation of the cube to understand this. None of the arms of the cross are identical, either in length or in width, and their sides are not parallel; this is actually because of the initial deformation whereby only one of the sides of each cross is perpendicular to an external wall. The complexity of the geometry is the result of a limited number of decisions, but these choices set off a series of intersecting consequences, producing a building which is extremely dense. Just as the visible irregularity of the exterior greatly emphasises the monoliths coherence, so the visible irregularity of the interior unifies, we can even say solidifies, each communal space in the form of a cross. Repetition of devices and their successive shifts, gaps that might seem imperceptible but produce a variety of chain reactions, these give the school a property that I call textured spatiality. This spatiality provides the chance to take up many viewpoints, all different, impossible to locate within a system of orthogonal axes, providing a variety of perspective views which, as Maurice Merleau-Ponty said, tally according to a certain style. After this, we can understand the architecture of Paspels School, its style. The rules that regulate the arrangement, the interweaving, of the buildings components can only be found in the building itself. The artist Rémy Zaugg said something about the method for a work of art that we can apply to this school: No extrinsic law can regulate this system of signs that contains its own law. The work is its law. Rémy Zaugg added when I say I experience a work, I mean understand a system of signs through the meaning and the spirit. Through the meaning-he is talking about perception; through the spirit-he means understanding. Perceiving and understanding, this is the experience to which Paspels School invites us. Unity and organicity A discussion of Valerio Olgiatis work must start at Paspels School. Remarks about it can apply to the architects other projects and creations, which include certain devices that are even more intense. The work always unfolds from simple structures with unified forms, although not always deformed as at Paspels, but subjected to a few operations which have a multiplying effect in a chain reaction. Das Gelbe Haus in Flims, the project on the shores of Lake Cauma, the house in Corsica and the K + N House near Lake Zurich, for example, follow this pattern. Das gelbe Haus is the complete metamorphosis of an old building. The first operation was to take the form of a house with traditional characteristics and make it abstract, suppressing all wall ornamentation, distributing equal openings almost regularly and, above all, combining all walls and the roof of stone slabs with a homogenous whitewash. This paradoxical and provocative whitening covers the house completely and reinforces the abstraction of its cubic form, but it simultaneously reveals the numerous changes in the texture of the walls. So abstraction provides two possible points of view that are extremes: the distant view of a unified form; or from a close, tactile distance an impression of a surface, as if we are in the picture. The project on the shores of Lake Cauma is also a unified form. In it, two deliberately distinct spaces confront each other, only linked by the umbilical cord of a staircase -the horizontal and panoramic upper-level restaurant, and the narrow, vertical crypt-like bar with a window looking into the bottom of the lake when the summer water level is high. Because the water level varies considerably, these changes modify our perception of the building which, depending on the season, is not the same. The house in Corsica contrasts two rectangular courtyards of equal size. One is open, the other closed; one is planted with trees, and the living spaces on the lower floor are oriented towards these, while the other is lined with a swimming pool and the bedrooms on the upper floor open onto it. To connect the two levels, two staircases fit together, one linking exterior spaces and the other linking the interior. The absence of a visual relationship between the two staircases produces a labyrinthine structure, another way of describing textured spatiality. Second remark: in the plans for the projects in Lucerne, Lausanne, and Taiwan the layout of elements no longer permits us to trace their regularity or symmetry. Or rather, as in any chaotic context, symmetries can be found everywhere, with the same amount of material being found on one side or the other of the dividing line. From another point of view, making the structure asymmetrical (another way of describing its distortion) triggers real dynamism, a process that is irreversible and perhaps endless, but which should be frozen at one point and called architecture. Third remark: the plans for the projects in Lucerne, Lausanne, Taiwan and Tirana do not set out any hierarchy, as is the case in projects with textured spatiality. Lucerne, Lausanne, Taiwan and Tirana create a paradoxical space. Because of the size of the structural elements, which is enormous, the architecture is extremely stable and unfailingly solid. But on the other hand, given the distortions of these same structural elements, can we describe the connection between them as balanced? The link between things seems unpredictable, appears to be the result of an equation with parameters outside simple deterministic thinking, like a chaotic disorder, frozen chaos. |
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