Shifting cold to hot tumors by nanoparticle‑loaded drugs and products

• Irfan Ahmad ^[1] ; Kamil K. Atiyah Altameemi ^[3] ; Mohaned Mohammed Hani ^[4] ; Afaq Mahdi Ali ^[5] ; Hasanain Khaleel Shareef ^[6] ; Zahraa F. Hassan ^[7] ; Mahmood Hasen Shuhata Alubiady ^[8] ; Salah Hassan Zain Al Abdeen ^[2] ; Hussein Ghafel Shakier ^[9] ; Ahmed huseen Redhee ^[10]
  1. [1] King Khalid University

     King Khalid University

     Arabia Saudí

     
  2. [2] Al-Nisour University College

     Al-Nisour University College

     Irak

     
  3. [3] Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
  4. [4] Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Al Muthanna, Iraq
  5. [5] Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq
  6. [6] Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Science, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hilla, Iraq
  7. [7] College of Dentistry, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
  8. [8] Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad 10011, Iraq
  9. [9] College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
  10. [10] Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq

  Mostrar afiliaciones +
• Localización: Clinical & translational oncology, ISSN 1699-048X, Vol. 27, Nº. 1, 2025, págs. 42-69
• Idioma: inglés
• Texto completo no disponible (Saber más ...)
• Resumen

  • Cold tumors lack antitumor immunity and are resistant to therapy, representing a major challenge in cancer medicine. Because of the immunosuppressive spirit of the tumor microenvironment (TME), this form of tumor has a low response to immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and also chemotherapy. Cold tumors have low infiltration of immune cells and a high expression of co-inhibitory molecules, such as immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive molecules. Therefore, targeting TME and remodeling immunity in cold tumors can improve the chance of tumor repression after therapy. However, tumor stroma prevents the infiltration of inflammatory cells and hinders the penetration of diverse molecules and drugs. Nanoparticles are an intriguing tool for the delivery of immune modulatory agents and shifting cold to hot tumors. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the ability of nanoparticles loaded with different drugs and products to modulate TME and enhance immune cell infiltration. We also focus on newest progresses in the design and development of nanoparticle-based strategies for changing cold to hot tumors. These include the use of nanoparticles for targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents, such as cytokines, small molecules, and checkpoint inhibitors, and for co-delivery of chemotherapy drugs and immunomodulatory agents. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles for enhancing the efficacy of cancer vaccines and cell therapy for overcoming resistance to treatment