This chapter explores Archbishop Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada’s competing agendas for the colonial world he sought to unite. He is known as the ardent promoter of the Crusade of Las Navas de Tolosa, and yet, among his many political goals was also the construction of a vision for his rapidly expanding colonial society that—by necessity—included Muslims and Jews submitted to his Christian king. Such tangled goals are echoed with particular force in cases of the conversion of mosques to churches, as revealed in the challenges and contradictions faced by Alfonso VI (r. 1072–1109) and Alfonso X (r. 1252–1284) in their own colonial endeavors. Architecture functions here as a locus of these unresolved agendas: Toledo’s Great Mosque turned transcultural cathedral; the church of San Román, with its collective identity, both triumphant and plural; and the city’s Gothic Cathedral, a building that functioned simultaneously as a sign of a fictive pure identity, and also as the vestigial marker of anxiety about shared languages of expression.
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