De jeton, van rekeninstrument tot speelpenning en relatiegeschenk

• Autores: Bert van Beek
• Localización: Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie, ISSN 0774-5885, Nº. 169, 2023, págs. 3-35
• Idioma: alemán
• Texto completo no disponible (Saber más ...)
• Resumen

  • In Northwestern Europe, during the late Middle Ages, numbers were written down in Roman numerals and alculations were made with counters or jettons. The oldest written source concerning this method of calculation is the Dialogus de Scaccario, published around 1180. It turned out that coins were used as calculating instruments or counters on a checkerboard. After a short introduction about the calculation itself, a description follows of the oldest counters or jettons. They were first used in France around 1200. It turns out that there was a fascination for calculatin? with jettons that closely resembled the coins of the time. With this information, a number of undated jettons can be dated reasonably accurately. The Italian jettons were indeed used in calculations, but they were also used as a means of identification and as tokens for small expenses in inns. In the period after calculation with jettons, they were still donated (except in the Dutch Republic) to the civil servants because they had become a traditional New-Years bonus. That happened in France until the 19th century. Later, small gambling tokens also were called jettons. Since all those objects were still called jettons, the meanin? of the word jetton was increasingly eroded and became an almost empty concept