Coherencia y diferenciación en la autopercepción de intereses y aptitudes como proceso adecuado para la elección vocacional

• Alfredo O. López Alonso ^[1] ; G. E. González ^[1] ; A. M. Patiniotis ^[1]
  1. [1] USAL
• Localización: Signos Universitarios: Revista de la Universidad del Salvador, ISSN 0326-3932, Año 7, Nº. 13, 1988, págs. 223-232
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    Respondiendo al objetivo de indagar el rol que juega la autoestima de intereses y aptitudes en el proceso de elección vocacional, se seleccionaron dos muestras de estudiantes, una de 120 del último año secundario (bachilleres, comerciales e industriales) y otra de 124 universitarios que cursaban el 1er. año de cuatro carreras de la U.B.A., dos humanísticas (Filosofía y Psicología) y dos no-humanísticas (Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería).

    Ambos grupos representaban dos condiciones esenciales de la evaluación: 1) momento inmediatamente previo a la elección y 2) momento inmediatamente posterior. A través de ambos momentos se estudiaron las tendencias que sigue el proceso de elección según varía la forma en que se relacionan las estimaciones de intereses y aptitudes por cada una de las cuatro carreras universitarias antes mencionadas. Para ello se implementaron dos escalas de autopercepción , una destinada a obtener juicios simples y la otra, juicios condicionales, en los cuales jugaba jugaba el contraste o anclaje entre dichas estimaciones. Como control se implementaron evaluaciones actuariales de intereses y aptitudes diferenciales mediante el empleo de instrumentos clásicos (Kudor, DAT, etc.). El diseño respondió a un enfoque multivariado y culminó con un análisis factorial-varimax. Se comprobó la fuerte incidencia del carácter humanístico y no-humanístico de las carreras en la organización del proceso de elección y en las pautas fundamentales de diferenciación y coherencia interna de las evaluaciones. El análisis se extendió al campo puramente cognitivo al hallar asociación entre ciertas formas de incongruencia entre intereses y aptitudes e incoherencia lógica de razonamiento.

  • English

    The main purpose of this work is to investigate the role played by students´ self perception of their own available interests (1) and aptitudes (A) concerning a good fit and success in deciding one from among several alternative universitary careers. It is of special interest to investigate the vocational choice as a progressively differentiated and internally consistent decision process reaching from the previous to the subsequent critical moments of the decision accomplishment. In this concern, two student samples were drwn, one of 120 high school students courding the last grade of the secondary scholarship (comprising bachelor, commercial, and industrial school specialties) and the other of 124 university students coursing the first grade of four careers at the University of Buenos Aires. This way, each sample represented each of the above critical moments of the election process. From one moment to the other several systematic changes and general tendencies can be observed concerning the growing definition and consistency between the self-evaluated interest and aptitude towards each choide. To the effect, two scales were deviced to obtain: 1) a comparison among single (I, A) and conditional (I/I, A/A, A/I) self-evaluations and the corresponfing anchoring effects; 2) the within-subjects I - A differences concerning each alternative choice of a career, and 3) the comparisons among the I´s and the A´s dispersions within-subject.

    The careers to be opted were four, two of them belonged to the humanities sciences (Philosophy and Psychology) while the other two were non-humanist careers (Exact and Nature Sciences and Engineering). The sample of the university students was also drawn from each of these four careers. Parallel to the above self-evaluations, other actuarial, objective, evaluations concerning differential interests and aptitudes were obtained using the Kuder inventory and the D.A.T. instruments. Both types evaluations were correlated. This provided and external, objective criterion to draw general inferences. Thus, the whole set of data conformed a multivariate design and were statistically and factorially analyzed. Results clearly show the decisive, a-prioristic, influence of the humanist/non-humanist content of the alternative careers to primarily determinating and organizing the vocational election process.

    However, under this first differentiation further patterns arise of increasing differentiation and consistency between the interest and aptitude systems. Ultimately, these patterns respond to a common, general, tendency whatever the humanistinon-humanist primary election could be. Effectively, students tend to choose the career that records the highest A value preceding the highest I value, choosing by a highest A value and a lowered value, or choosing by the hishest I value but a relatives lower A value were finally interpreted as perturbed election processes involving cloaked problems of identity misdifferentialtion and cognitive incoherence.