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Se investigo? tres formas de aprovechamiento, disen?ando un flujo de operaciones integral, de las naranjas residuales de la variedad Washington Navel, mediante la obtencio?n de un aguardiente (destilado alcoho?lico), extraccio?n de aceites esenciales y pectina; a partir del jugo de naranja, ca?scaras y bagazo, respectivamente. Para llevar a cabo la fermentacio?n alcoho?lica, se utilizo? levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0.3 g/L de fosfato de amonio a pH original del jugo de naranja, para su posterior destilacio?n. La extraccio?n del aceite esencial se realizo? a partir de las ca?scaras, mediante el me?todo de arrastre con vapor, para su posterior purificacio?n con Na2SO4 anhidro. Luego, se realizo? la extraccio?n de pectina con HCl al 37 por ciento, pH 2 y 80 °C. Adema?s, se caracterizo? previamente las naranjas residuales en para?metros fisicoqui?micos como rendimiento del jugo, °Brix, pH, azu?cares reductores, totales y se estimo? el grado alcoho?lico probable del mosto sin fermentar. El ana?lisis estadi?stico de los rendimientos de aguardiente, aceite esencial y pectina, indicaron que la variabilidad de las repeticiones es baja para cada uno de los productos obtenidos, (coeficiente de variabilidad menor al 10%). El rendimiento del aguardiente (40 °GL) a partir de las naranjas residuales fue 7.49 por ciento (mL de etanol/ 100 mL mosto fermentado) o? 59.10 g/L., 0.66 por ciento (mL aceite/ca?scara de naranja) para aceites esenciales y 16.70 por ciento (kg/ca?scara de naranja seca) para la obtencio?n de pectina.
Three forms of exploitation were investigated, designing an integral flow of operations, of the residual “Huando” oranges (Washington Navel variety), by obtaining a hard liqueur (distilled spirits), extraction of essential oils and pectin; from orange juice, peels and bagasse, respectively. To carry out the alcoholic fermentation, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0.3 g / L of ammonium phosphate was used at the original pH of the orange juice, for its later distillation. The extraction of the essential oil was carried out from the peel, by means of the steam trapping method, for its subsequent purification with anhydrous Na2SO4. Then, pectin extraction was extracted with 37 percent HCl, pH 2 and 80 °C. In addition, the residual oranges were previously characterized in physicochemical parameters such as juice yield, °Brix, pH, reducing sugars, totals and the probable alcoholic degree of the unfermented must was estimated. The statistical analysis of the yields of brandy, essential oil and pectin, indicated that the variability of the repetitions is low for each of the products obtained, (coefficient of variability less than 10%). The yield of the liquor (40 °GL) from the residual oranges was 7.49 percent (mL of ethanol / 100 mL fermented must) or 59.10 g / L, 0.66 percent (ml oil / orange peel) for essential oils and 16.70 percent (kg / dry orange peel) to obtain pectin.
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