Human activity and many natural processes produce several types of gaseous contaminants, which are harmful to humans and the environment. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most studied gas contaminants that can be removed from air through microalgae cultivation and its reduction plays an important role in climate change mitigation. Overall, removal of CO2 and other harmful gases, can be performed efficiently using photobioreactors. This chapter discusses the biological process for CO2 fixation in photosynthetic organisms such as microalgae, carbon concentration mechanisms that affect CO2 removal efficiency, and photosynthetic efficiency. Photobioreactor designs and layouts aimed for gas removal are addressed. Finally, some aspects concerning the influence of using different CO2 concentrations on biomass productivity are compared and the use of flue gases to cultivate microalgae to fix CO2 and other gases is provided as an application model.
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