After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the External and social history and periodization, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of French and other northern Gallo-Romance dialects. It covers phonetics and phonology; segmental phonology; vowels glides; liquids; consonants; typology and diachrony of segmental phonology; prosody; phonotactics; syllable structure; sandhi phenomena; enchaînement; liaison; elision; H aspiré; inflection; noun morphology; number; gender; case; absence of morphological diminutives and augmentatives; verb conjugation; morphomic structure; tense and aspect; mood; subjectification of tense and aspect forms; determiners; numerals and quantifiers; ordering of noun and adjective; negation; word order; inversion and interrogation; clitic pronouns; subject clitics; object clitics; dislocation/detachment; complementizer deletion and preposition-stranding; second-person forms of address; oïl varieties; internal divisions; second-person forms of address; typology.
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