This chapter deals with the relationship between written and spoken language in the medieval period and how and when Latin became Romance. It illustrates how, from the late imperial period to the Middle Ages, a sociophilological approach can illuminate both (late/medieval) Latin and (early) Romance in the Medieval period and the processes (e.g., the Carolingian reforms) by which the vernaculars came to be perceived as distinct from Latin. It focuses on how texts were intended to be read; the reasons for writing some texts in a new way, including the emergence of standardized local orthographic traditions under the pressures for convergence and divergence. Specific topics dealt with include: Latin and Romance in the Middle Ages and writing Romance before written Romance was invented; ‘Vulgar’ Latin; reading aloud; written and spoken grammar; words; the Carolingian Reforms; glossaries and glosses; sociophilology and politics.
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