The International Safety Management (ISM) Code, made mandatory in 1998, dictates the implemen-tation of a Safety Management System (SMS) on every vessel engaged in international shipping. Thisinternational standard provides a loose framework around which SMS procedures are required to bewritten, placing safety management into the hands of individual companies. To examine the effective-ness of the ISM Code and reveal areas requiring further examination, this paper summarizes the trendsassociated with international (non-United States flagged) vessel detentions in U.S. ports and the relateddetention-related deficiencies found during U.S. Coast Guard Port State examinations. It also includesan extensive literature review into similar studies conducted on international vessel safety management,regulation, and the study of SMS effectiveness
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