1 Clement is critical for our understanding and reconstruction of the social and ecclesial context of the late first or perhaps early second century. [...]this book is valuable for its close examination of the circumstances of the letter. Harnack had postulated that 1 Clement undermined "pneumatischen Demokratie," yet Welborn recognizes that "the instigators of the revolt are nowhere described as 'pneumatics'" (5), and that the leadership consisted of "a college of presbyter-bishops appointed with the consent of the whole church" (7, my emphasis). [...]1 Clement is neither attacking "pneumatics" nor undermining a communal process of selecting leaders—indeed, the rebels are those working against this communal process, and with their defeat the communal process is presumably restored. [...]Welborn's insightful work appears to me to be more a repudiation of Harnack's theory than a confirmation of it.
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