Solid phase-based cross-matching for solid organ transplantation: Currently out-of-stock but urgently required for improved allograft outcome

• Gerald Schlaf ^[1] ; Daniela Bau ^[1] ; Nathalie Horstmann ^[1] ; Gary Sawers ^[1] ; Wolfgang Altermann ^[1]
  1. [1] Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

     Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

     Kreisfreie Stadt Halle, Alemania

     
• Localización: Histology and histopathology: cellular and molecular biology, ISSN-e 1699-5848, ISSN 0213-3911, Vol. 35, Nº. 9, 2020, págs. 937-948
• Idioma: inglés
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• Resumen

  • Transplant recipients who have undergone sensitizing events, such as pregnancy, blood transfusion or previous transplants, frequently develop antibodies directed against the highly polymorphous human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-molecules. These pre-formed, donor-specific antibodies (DSA) present a high risk of causing organ failure or even complete loss of the grafted organ as a consequence of antibody-mediated, hyper-acute or acute allograft rejection. In order to detect DSA, the so-called functional complementdependent lymphocytotoxicity assay (CDC-XM) was established about 50 years ago. Although effective in improving the outcome of solid organ allo-grafting, for the last ten years this assay has been controversially discussed due to its low sensitivity and especially because of its high susceptibility to various artificial factors, which generally do not yield reliable results. As a consequence, novel immunochemical test systems have been developed using ELISA- or bead-based solid phase assays as replacements for the traditional CDCbased assays. Because these assays are independent of single or vital cells, which are frequently not available, they have provided an additional and alternative diagnostic approach compared with the traditional CDC-based and flow-cytometric analyses.

    Unfortunately, however, the AMS-ELISA (Antibody Monitoring System), which was the first system to become commercially available, was recently discontinued by the manufacturer after seven years of successful use. Alternative procedures, such as the AbCross-ELISA, had to be either considerably modified, or did not yield reliable results, as in the case of the Luminex-based assay termed DSA. We draw the conclusion that due to the unique features and fields of application reviewed here, the implementation of solid phase cross-matching still represents an urgent requirement for any HLA-laboratory’s routine tasks.