Once the Portuguese opened new Atlantic trade routes and began producing sugar on their Atlantic islands, Antwerp succeeded Venice as Europe's principal sugar market. Large numbers of Italian and German sugar refiners established themselves in Antwerp by the middle of the sixteenth century. Merchants shipped the bulk of the Atlantic sugar to the German market towns with Cologne being the most important destination during the first half of the sixteenth century. The demand for sugar in Germany increased as the practice of taking sugar spread east setting the stage for the sugar revolution of the seventeenth century
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