A team funded by ARPA-E--the research arm of the US Department of Energy--is developing clothes with thermal properties that adapt to the environment and to the wearer's body. By changing their make-up or shuttling heat to and from the body, the garments can keep people comfortable whatever the external temperature. Heat energy can move in three ways: through conduction, in which the atoms in materials pass energy to each other; convection, when high-energy atoms move through the environment; and radiation--heat energy moving as electromagnetic waves. Clothing can control air circulation and alter the amount of heat escaping from the body, helping people to feel just right.
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