Colors of some small figures on colored grounds These effects were first demonstrated publicly to illustrate the complexity of the concept ¿whiteness¿ in an invited paper on the measurement of whiteness at the Optical Society of America, Portland, OR, September 12, 1995. A detailed report was presented at the Inter-Society Color Council, in Baltimore, MD, October 3, 1998, and by invitation at the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Greenville, SC, March 21, 2000, and at the Rochester Institute of Technology, October 10, 2001