Natural cinnabar and artificial vermilion were the first opaque bright red pigments available to artists. In recept years a growing interest in their manufacture and their use in painting techniques has given a new impulse to the debate about the invention and manufacture of artificial vermilion, both in the field of art technology and in the transmission of technical and scientific knowledge. This paper highlights and explains some particular technical aspects of the 'dry method' for manufacturing vermilion in the Middle Ages in Europe. It also describes an unusual Spanish 'dry method'. This study is based on treatises including recipes, contemporaneous documentary information and later printed scientific works (8th-17th century).
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