Resumen de The significance and limitations of area training organizations: a Japanese perspective
Education in Japan is well known for its high educational standards. These standards have been achieved through a centrally controlled and highly competitive system and by teachers who work 'efficiently'. Beneath the surface of success, there have been many conflicts over teachers' professional autonomy. In most cases, these were between teachers and the employers, i.e. prefectural boards of education which, under strong state direction, ha ve exercised the powers over management of teachers, awarding certificares, appointrnent and in-service training. Many teachers, supported by teachers' unions, undertook lawsuits against boards of education for infringement of the freedom of education. The conflicts were severe and reflected the fact that there was no formal dialogue between teachers' organizations and boards of education.
