The paper discusses main features of the structural change that the Italian industry has undergone since the 1990s, the reduction of resources it can count on and the options available for the promotion of industrial competitiveness. Insufficient investment in R&D, education and digital infrastructure have undermined the performance of Italian industry and its capability of sustain high levels of economic growth and welfare. As traditional instruments for supporting the industry are not any more available, new financial instruments provide opportunities to redress international competitiveness.
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