Sport-Specific Physiological Adaptations in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes.

• Autores: Karin Lundgren, Arnt Erik Tjonna, Trine Karlsen, Philip E. James, Øyvind Sandbakk
• Localización: Medicine & Science in Sports & exercise: Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, ISSN 0195-9131, Vol. 47, Nº. 10, 2015, págs. 2150-2157
• Idioma: inglés
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• Resumen

  • AB Purpose: This study aims to compare maximal oxygen uptake (V[spacing dot above]O2max), blood volume (BV), hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), and brachial endothelial function, measured as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), in international-level endurance athletes primarily exercising with the whole body (cross-country skiing), lower body (orienteering), or upper body (flatwater kayak). Methods: Seventeen cross-country skiers, 15 orienteers, and 11 flatwater kayakers were tested for V[spacing dot above]O2max, BV, Hbmass, and FMD. Additionally, body composition and annual training (type, volume, and intensity of training) were analyzed. Results: Absolute and body-mass-normalized V[spacing dot above]O2max values were 11.3% and 9.9% higher, respectively, in skiers (5.83 +/- 0.60 L[middle dot]min-1 and 77.9 +/- 4.2 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]kg-1) compared to orienteers (5.24 +/- 0.45 L[middle dot]min-1 and 70.9 +/- 3.5 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]kg-1) (P < 0.01), whereas kayakers (5.78 +/- 0.56 L[middle dot]min-1 and 73.7 +/- 6.3 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]kg-1) did not differ from skiers. BV was 9.9%-11.8% higher in skiers and orienteers compared to kayakers when normalized for total body mass and fat-free mass, and skiers had 9.2% and 9.9% higher Hbmass normalized for total body mass and fat-free mass compared to kayakers (all P < 0.05). Arterial diameter was 11.8%-15.0% larger in kayakers (4.38 +/- 0.63 mm) and skiers (4.22 +/- 0.36 mm) compared to orienteers (3.81 +/- 0.32 mm) (P < 0.05), whereas FMD did not differ between groups. Conclusions: This study indicates that higher V[spacing dot above]O2max in cross-country skiers and greater arterial diameters in the arms of skiers and kayakers are sport-specific physiological adaptations to chronic endurance training in whole-body and upper-body exercise modes. However, variations in these variables are not associated with BV or Hbmass.