Coping with frequent unexpected events requires an organizational culture that allows the project manager to exercise a great amount of flexibility. The authors' studies, employing experiential data collected from more than 150 successful project managers affiliated with more than 20 organizations, indicate that today's successful project managers cope with unexpected events by a combination of the traditional and agile approaches, assuming four roles. Developing collaboration requires project managers to be people-oriented. Integrating planning and review with learning requires them to be information-oriented. Preventing major disruptions requires them to be action-oriented. Finally, maintaining forward momentum, which is pursued throughout a project, requires them to adopt all three orientations
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