Wit the emancipation of distinct genres of painting in the course of the sixteenth century, collaborations between accomplished masters became a common practice, especially in the domain of landscape painting. Joachim Patinir, considered to be the first specialist in this field, had, for example, worked occasionally with the history painter Jan Matsijs. In this article three landscape paintings by the Flemish- Roman painter Paul Bril, the most influential Italianate landscape painter of his time, will be discussed: one is certainly a collaborative work, with the figures painted by Johann Rottenhammer; the second may either be a collaboration with Elsheimer or a homage to that artist; and the third is usually thought to be a collaboration between Bril and Rubens but can be shown to have been radically changed by Rubens after completion.
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