The antisemitic iconography of Giovanni Canavesio's 15th-century pictorial decoration of the pilgrimage sanctuary of Notre-Dame des Fontaines outside La Brigue, France, sought to promote a message that was first and foremost intended for the Christian community. Canavesio invested his pictorial account with anti-Jewish messages by such means as the depiction of usurers, who are widely identified with Jews, and the identification of Judas with the Jews. To the Christian churchgoer, criticisms of Jewish usury were intended to support the establishment of Christian lending institutions; also, Jews could be understood as disbelievers or heretics, particularly as this was a region where the threat of Waldensian heresy was widespread.
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