Detection of Primary Melanoma in Individuals at Extreme High RiskA Prospective 5-Year Follow-up Study

• Autores: Fergal J. Moloney, Pascale Guitera, Elliot Coates, Nikolas K. Haass, Kenneth Ho, Ritta Khoury, Rachel L. O'Connell, Leo Raudonikis, Helen Schmid, Graham J. Mann, Scott W. Menzies
• Localización: JAMA Dermatology, ISSN 2168-6068, Vol. 150, Nº. 8, 2014, págs. 819-827
• Idioma: inglés
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• Resumen

  • Importance The clinical phenotype and certain predisposing genetic mutations that confer increased melanoma risk are established; however, no consensus exists regarding optimal screening for such individuals. Early identification remains the most important intervention in reducing melanoma mortality.

    Objective To evaluate the impact of full-body examinations every 6 months supported by dermoscopy and total-body photography (TBP) on all patients and sequential digital dermoscopy imaging (SDDI), when indicated, on detecting primary melanoma in an extreme-risk population.

    Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective observational study from February 2006 to February 2011, with patients recruited from Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre and Melanoma Institute Australia who had a history of invasive melanoma and dysplastic nevus syndrome, history of invasive melanoma and at least 3 first-degree or second-degree relatives with prior melanoma, history of at least 2 primary invasive melanomas, or a CDKN2A or CDK4 gene mutation.

    Exposures Six-month full-body examination compared with TBP. For equivocal lesions, SDDI short term (approximately 3 months) or long term (?6 months), following established criteria, was performed. Atypical lesions were excised.

    Main Outcomes and Measures New primary melanoma numbers, characteristics, and cumulative incidence in each patient subgroup; effect of diagnostic aids on new melanoma identification.

    Results In 311 patients with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up of 3.5 (2.4-4.2) years, 75 primary melanomas were detected, 14 at baseline visit. Median (IQR) Breslow thickness of postbaseline incident melanomas was in situ (in situ to 0.60 mm). Thirty-eight percent were detected using TBP and 39% with SDDI. Five melanomas were greater than 1 mm Breslow thickness, 3 of which were histologically desmoplastic; the other 2 had nodular components. The benign to malignant excision ratio was 1.6:1 for all lesions excised and 4.4:1 for melanocytic lesions. Cumulative risk of developing a novel primary melanoma was 12.7% by year 2, with new primary melanoma incidence during the final 3 years of follow-up half of that observed during the first 2 years (incidence density ratio,?0.43 [95% CI, 0.25-0.74]; P?=?.002).

    Conclusions and Relevance Monitoring patients at extreme risk with TBP and SDDI assisted with early diagnosis of primary melanoma. Hypervigilance for difficult-to-detect thick melanoma subtypes is crucial.