Changes in Buddhist imagery in the late fifth and early sixth centuries of the Northern Wei dynasty (386-534) have been explained in terms of stylistic evolution or the passive absorption of Chinese influence. However, the abruptness and far-reaching nature of the changes suggest that they were actively implemented. About this time the Northern Wei court initiated a program of extensive reforms, including the creation of court ritual and construction of a new imperial capital, which provide a framework for examining relations between political ideology, cultural identity, the construction of historical continuity, and imagery in the late Northern Wei.
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